1.School of Investigation, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038
2.Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-08-05
2025-11-28
Issue Date
2026-03-23
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摘要
目的 高坠的普遍性与复杂性给高坠损伤分析带来困难,目前主要依靠法医通过尸体解剖进行损伤分析。有限元方法(finite element method,FEM)可揭示高坠人体骨骼损伤机制及其与坠落高度的关系,为法医学高坠人体损伤分析、损伤机制判定及坠落场景重建提供依据。 方法 以成人直立位双足坠地作为研究样例,基于FEM,采用全人体安全模型(total human model for safety,THUMS),模拟从1~50 m高度向刚性地面双足坠地的过程。采用von Mises应力分析、Logistic回归拟合及层次聚类分析,系统研究骨骼的生物力学响应。 结果 直立位高坠时人体应力集中区域呈纵轴轴向分布,且存在双路径传导机制。足部、胫骨两端、股骨颈及脊柱呈现“阶跃响应”,骨折风险在临界高度发生剧变。利用Logistic回归成功建立了腓骨两端、骨盆及颅骨的骨折风险高度预测模型。腓骨两端的骨折风险随高度增加最快,颅骨次之,骨盆的骨折风险增加最慢但也显著。结合层次聚类与生物力学机制分析,将坠落高度分为5个群集,对应3个阶段:局部耗散阶段(<7 m)、轴向传导阶段(7~16 m)和全身复合损伤阶段(>16 m)。 结论 FEM可揭示直立位双足坠地时骨骼损伤的双路径传导机制,所建立的骨折风险高度预测模型和损伤模式-高度映射模型可为法医学坠落高度推断提供生物力学依据。
Abstract
Objective The prevalence and complexity of high-fall injuries pose major challenges to injury-mechanism interpretation, which currently relies largely on forensic autopsy. The finite element method (FEM) can elucidate biomechanical mechanisms of skeletal injury and quantify the relationship between fracture risk and fall height, providing evidence for forensic injury analysis and scene reconstruction. Methods Using adult upright feet-first landing as a representative scenario, a finite element approach based on the total human model for safety (THUMS) was applied to simulate bilateral feet-first impacts onto a rigid surface from heights of 1 to 50 m. Skeletal biomechanical responses were systematically evaluated using von Mises stress analysis, Logistic regression modeling, and hierarchical clustering. Results Stress concentration followed a longitudinal axial distribution along the body’s vertical axis, with a dual-path load-transmission mechanism identified. Step-change biomechanical responses were observed at the foot, tibial ends, femoral neck, and spine, indicating abrupt increases in fracture risk at critical heights. Logistic regression successfully generated fracture-risk prediction models for fibular ends, pelvis, and skull. The fastest height-dependent fracture-risk escalation occurred at the fibular ends, followed by the skull, whereas the pelvis showed the slowest but still significant risk increase. Hierarchical clustering combined with biomechanical-mechanism interpretation stratified fall heights into 5 clusters and 3 injury phases: Local energy-dissipation phase (<7 meters), axial conduction stage (7 to 16 meters), and systemic composite injury phase (>16 meters). Conclusion FEM reveals the dual-path load-transmission mechanism of skeletal injury in upright feet-first landing. The established fracture-risk-height prediction models and injury-pattern-to-height mapping models provide biomechanical evidence for forensic inference of fall height.
传统实验方法受伦理、成本及可重复性等限制,难以全面量化复杂的生物力学响应。有限元方法(finite element method,FEM)作为一种数值模拟技术自20世纪60年代被引入以来,即在人体碰撞生物力学响应与损伤机制研究中扮演重要的辅助角色,目前已广泛应用于生物力学领域,并逐步应用于法庭科学领域,如道路交通事故损伤分析与现场重建等。FEM通过将连续域离散为有限个单元进行计算,具有参数化、客观化及可视化的优点,可借助参数化模型分析不同因素对损伤模式的影响,客观还原事件现场,运用平衡方程、几何方程和物理方程精确模拟骨骼、软组织的力学行为,揭示应力、应变等集中区域及潜在骨折风险,通过图片、动画等形式直观展现复杂过程。此外,FEM还可降低实验成本并突破伦理限制,为事故重建提供可重复、可调控的仿真数据支持。
高坠损伤的法医学分析核心在于重建损伤机制和坠落场景[6]。FEM凭借其精准的几何建模能力、灵活的材料本构关系及动态冲击仿真优势,已成为研究高坠损伤,特别是颅骨、躯干及四肢骨骼损伤机制的重要工具。近20年来,诸多研究者利用FEM解释了颅骨高坠损伤的力学机制,如Franceskides等[7]研究得出站立高度下颅骨缺损位置对冲击点的空间关系会显著影响应变强度;魏智彬等[8]利用FEM比较高坠头部着地与钢管击打头部的损伤异同;Meng等[9]使用FEM揭示高速斜向冲击中滚动与滑动现象的内在动力学机制;Yan等[10]使用个性化有限元模型证实低高度坠落即可引发骨折,并讨论撞击角度与跌落高度的影响结果,为婴儿虐待伤鉴别提供了新依据。此外,研究者们还使用FEM进行了四肢与躯干高坠损伤的研究,量化了关键风险因素。Revel等[11]验证了有限元模型在预测跌倒时桡骨骨折时的可靠性;Li等[12]使用全人体安全模型(total human model for safety,THUMS)研究得出坠落可导致胫骨远端特征性压缩性骨折,但冲击不会;Mckinsey等[13]发现足部着地跌落可超过婴儿股骨骨折阈值;胡文虎等[14]发现躯干着地部位差异影响肋骨骨折机制。FEM从局部模型向全身集成模型演进,推动多部位损伤关联性与个体化风险评估研究,计算能力的提升与材料模型的优化将进一步增强FEM在高坠损伤机制解析和预测中的应用价值。
实验模型:型号为AM50 Pedestrian Model Version 4.02的THUMS(由丰田汽车公司和丰田中央研发实验室联合开发),基于平均尺寸的成年男性模型,身高1.75 m,体重77 kg,呈站立姿势。该模型单元总数约为200万,各单元长度为3~5 mm,主要为六面体单元。主要骨骼、厚韧带、肌肉及内脏器官等采用实体单元建模,厚度小于1 mm的皮质骨、薄韧带及膜组织等采用壳单元建模,其中骨骼被假定为弹黏塑性材料[15]。该模型具备模拟碰撞中人体损伤(如骨折、脑及内脏器官损伤等)的能力,各身体部位的冲击响应已通过模拟文献[16-17]中描述的冲击测试进行了验证,如头部的平移与旋转冲击响应测试。
由表2可知,坠落高度对腓骨两端、骨盆及颅骨的骨折风险均具有统计学意义(OR=1.682,95% CI 1.06~2.558,P=0.015;OR=1.236,95% CI 1.103~1.384,P<0.001;OR=1.576,95% CI 1.131~2.195, P=0.007)。图6的Logistic回归分析成功建立了腓骨两端、骨盆、颅骨3个部位的骨折风险与坠落高度间的预测模型,模型显示腓骨两端骨折风险随高度增加最快,颅骨次之,骨盆骨折风险随高度增加最慢但也显著。
2.3 骨骼损伤模式聚类分析
2.3.1 聚类方法与数据验证
本次分析包含50个坠落高度(1 m, 2 m, ... , 50 m),每个坠落高度均对应人体9个部位(足部、胫骨、腓骨、股骨、骨盆、腰椎、胸椎、颈椎、颅骨)的骨折二值化数据,构成50×9二元矩阵。案例处理汇总显示50例数据完整无缺失,采用平均联结法,结合Jaccard距离进行层次聚类。利用Jaccard距离适用于二元变量的特性,其计算忽略“双0”匹配项,聚焦于骨折组合的差异性,可避免未骨折部位的干扰,通过平均联结法计算类间样本平均距离,可降低异常值敏感性,有效反映损伤模式的结构性差异及骨骼系统在应力传导路径上的整体关联性。
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基金资助
中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新研究专项(2023SYL06)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2023JB002┫。This work was supported by the Special Project Research of Double First-Class Innovation in Criminal Science and Technology of People’s Public Security University of China ┣2023SYL06)
the Special Fund Project for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Public Welfare Research Institutes China(2023JB002)