1.Office of Pharmacovigilance, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630
2.Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013
3.Information Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-04-23
2026-04-28
Issue Date
2026-08-14
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摘要
目的 目前免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)在抗肿瘤领域的应用日渐广泛,但其相关的心血管不良事件国内尚未见系统的流行病学研究。本研究通过分析美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准上市的ICIs心血管不良事件信号,旨在为临床安全用药提供借鉴。 方法 数据来源于美国食品药品监督管理局不良事件报告系统(Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System,FAERS),时间范围为2011年第1季度至2024年第4季度(共14年,56个季度)。药物不良事件报告以“首要怀疑药物”为筛选依据,纳入阿替利珠单抗、阿维鲁单抗、度伐利尤单抗、纳武利尤单抗、帕博利珠单抗、西米普利单抗、伊匹木单抗及曲美木单抗8种ICIs。首先,基于器官系统分类(organ system classification,SOC)对不良事件进行归类,筛选出涉及心脏和血管系统的不良事件报告;然后,在标准化MedDRA查询(standardized MedDRA query,SMQ)层级和首选术语(preferred terms,PT)层级进行信号检测。采用贝叶斯置信区间递进神经网络法(Bayesian confidence propagation neural network,BCPNN)计算每个目标药物-目标不良事件组合的信息成分(information component,IC)值及其95% CI。各ICIs的免疫相关心血管不良事件(immune-related cardiovascular adverse events,irCVEs)阳性信号标准为目标药物-目标不良事件组合的报告数≥3,且IC的95% CI下限(即IC025)>0。 结果 共挖掘出心脏不良事件报告12 890例次,血管不良事件报告8 543例次。在心血管不良事件报告总例次中,排名前3的药物依次为纳武利尤单抗、帕博利珠单抗、阿替利珠单抗。在8种ICIs心血管不良事件报告中,男性患者多于女性,65岁以上患者占比大于50.00%。2011至2024年间,8种ICIs心血管不良事件报告数量呈快速增长趋势。心脏不良事件、血管不良事件的总体死亡结局占比分别为30.74%、20.83%。从SMQ层级筛选出的心脏不良事件阳性信号涉及6个SMQ编码,血管不良事件阳性信号涉及8个SMQ编码,非感染性心肌炎/心包炎是8种ICIs唯一共有的强阳性信号,其次为血栓性静脉炎、血管炎及心律失常等。从PT层级筛选出的心脏不良事件阳性信号涉及47个PT,血管不良事件阳性信号涉及36个PT,阳性信号较强的心血管不良事件包括心肌炎、免疫介导性心肌炎、自身免疫性心肌炎、心包积液、心脏压塞、恶性心包炎、栓塞及移动性血栓静脉炎等。 结论 FAERS中ICIs相关的心血管不良事件以心肌炎、心包炎、心律失常及血管炎等较为多见,其中严重心血管不良事件和死亡结局的占比均较高。因此,用药前进行风险筛查,用药期间密切监测,并通过多学科协作处理心血管不良事件,对保障患者安全至关重要。
Abstract
Objective Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in cancer therapy; however, systematic epidemiological studies of ICI-associated cardiovascular adverse events in China remain limited. This study aims to analyze cardiovascular adverse event signals associated with ICIs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thereby providing evidence to support safer clinical use. Methods Data were obtained from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from the first quarter of 2011 to the fourth quarter of 2024 (56 quarters over 14 years). Adverse event reports were screened using “primary suspected drugs” as the inclusion criterion. Eight ICIs were included: atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, ipilimumab, and tremelimumab. Adverse events were first classified according to system organ class (SOC), and reports involving cardiac and vascular disorders were extracted. Signal detection was subsequently performed at both the standardized MedDRA query (SMQ) level and preferred terms (PT) level. The Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) method was applied to calculate the information component (IC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for each target drug-adverse event pair. Positive signals of immune-related cardiovascular adverse events (irCVEs) were defined as reports ≥3 and a lower limit of the 95% CI of IC (IC025) >0. Results A total of 12 890 cardiac adverse event reports and 8 543 vascular adverse event reports were identified. Among all cardiovascular adverse event reports, the top three drugs were nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab. Male patients accounted for a higher proportion than female patients, and patients aged over 65 years represented more than 50.00% of reports. From 2011 to 2024, the number of cardiovascular adverse event reports associated with the 8 ICIs showed a rapid upward trend. The proportions of fatal outcomes were 30.74% for cardiac adverse events and 20.83% for vascular adverse events. At the SMQ level, positive cardiac adverse event signals involved 6 SMQ codes, whereas positive vascular adverse events signals involved 8 SMQ codes. Non-infectious myocarditis/pericarditis was the only strong positive signal shared by all 8 ICIs, followed by thrombophlebitis, vasculitis, and cardiac arrhythmias. At the PT level, 47 positive cardiac adverse event signals and 36 positive vascular adverse event signals were detected. Strong positive cardiovascular adverse event signals included myocarditis, immune-mediated myocarditis, autoimmune myocarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, malignant pericarditis, embolism, and thrombophlebitis migrans, etc. Conclusion Cardiovascular adverse events associated with ICIs in the FAERS database commonly include myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and vasculitis, with relatively high proportions of severe outcomes and mortality. Therefore, pre-treatment risk screening, close monitoring during therapy, and multidisciplinary management of cardiovascular adverse events are essential to ensure patient safety.
所有报告按照美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)推荐的方法进行重复报告的删除:提取报告编号、患者编号和FDA接收报告日期,并依据上述字段进行排序;对于相同患者编号的记录,保留FDA接收报告日期最新的条目;对于相同的患者编号和FDA接收报告日期,我们保留报告编号最大的报告。此外,从2019年第1季度开始,FAERS每季度数据包都包含1份“删除报告列表”,依据该列表中的患者编号删除相应报告,并按照FDA建议的流程进行重复数据的清理。
本研究采用MedDRA(Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities)(v27.1)进行不良事件编码。标准化MedDRA查询(standardized MedDRA query,SMQ)采用狭义搜索策略。药物不良事件报告以“首要怀疑药物”为筛选依据,纳入以下8种ICIs:阿替利珠单抗、阿维鲁单抗、度伐利尤单抗、纳武利尤单抗、帕博利珠单抗、西米普利单抗、伊匹木单抗及曲美木单抗。首先,基于器官系统分类(organ system classification,SOC)对不良事件进行归类,筛选出涉及心脏和血管系统的不良事件报告;然后,在SMQ层级和首选术语(preferred terms,PT)层级进行信号检测。严重心血管不良事件(以下简称“严重事件”)包括需要干预或者住院,危及生命,导致残疾、畸形和死亡,以及其他重要的医学事件。数据提取及筛选流程见图1。
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基金资助
广东省区块链安全重点实验室(开放子课题)(2023B1212010013┫。This work was supported by the Open Research Fund of the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Blockchain Security)