超声心动图在肺动脉高压右心功能评估中的作用

谢依林 ,  谭盈洁 ,  李江

中南大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1) : 150 -157.

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中南大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1) : 150 -157. DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2026.250571
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超声心动图在肺动脉高压右心功能评估中的作用

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Role of echocardiography in the assessment of right ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension

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摘要

肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)是一种以肺动脉压力升高为特征的进行性疾病,其预后与右心室功能密切相关。超声心动图作为一种无创、便捷的影像学工具,在PH的诊断、病因筛查、右心室功能评估及风险分层中具有重要价值。针对PH所致的右心室解剖、生理及病理生理适应性改变,超声心动图在精细化评估收缩与舒张功能方面具有不可替代的临床价值,三尖瓣环收缩期位移/肺动脉收缩压比值(tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/pulmonary artery systolic pressure,TAPSE/PASP)等无创参数也被证实具有评估右心室-肺动脉耦联预后的重要价值。此外,人工智能技术在超声心动图分析中的应用也为PH的早期检测及突破常规估测局限提供了新工具。现有证据表明,以超声心动图为核心的无创右心功能评估体系在PH管理中占据核心地位。未来研究需进一步验证多参数联合模型的效能,并推动人工智能技术与临床实践的深度融合,以实现更早期、精准的个体化诊疗。

Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, and its prognosis is closely associated with right ventricular (RV) function. Echocardiography, as a noninvasive and convenient imaging modality, plays an important role in the diagnosis of PH, etiological screening, assessment of RV function, and risk stratification. In response to the anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological adaptive changes of the RV caused by PH, echocardiography demonstrates significant value in the detailed evaluation of both systolic and diastolic function. Noninvasive parameters such as the ratio of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (TAPSE/PASP) have also been confirmed to possess important prognostic value in assessing RV-pulmonary arterial (RV-PA) coupling. In addition, the application of artificial intelligence in echocardiographic analysis provides new tools for the early detection of PH and helps overcome limitations of conventional estimation methods. Current evidence indicates that a noninvasive right heart functional assessment system centered on echocardiography plays a central role in the management of PH. Future studies are required to further validate the performance of multiparametric combined models and to promote deeper integration of artificial intelligence technologies with clinical practice, thereby enabling earlier and more precise individualized diagnosis and treatment.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肺动脉高压 / 右心功能 / 超声心动图 / 右心室-肺动脉耦联 / 人工智能

Key words

pulmonary hypertension / right ventricular function / echocardiography / right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling / artificial intelligence

引用本文

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谢依林,谭盈洁,李江. 超声心动图在肺动脉高压右心功能评估中的作用[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2026, 51(1): 150-157 DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2026.250571

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肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)的核心病理生理改变为肺血管重塑所致右心室后负荷增高,最终导致右心室功能障碍乃至衰竭,是患者死亡的主要因素[1]。近年来,PH的靶向药物治疗取得显著进展,但患者预后仍很大程度上取决于右心功能的代偿状态。因此,精准评估右心室功能对早期诊断、危险分层和治疗决策至关重要。超声心动图因其无创性、可重复性和普及性,已成为临床评估PH患者右心功能的首选工具。然而,右心室复杂的解剖结构和独特的收缩模式为其功能评估带来了挑战。本文系统回顾了右心室的解剖与生理基础、PH相关病理生理学改变,以及超声心动图在评估右心室收缩与舒张功能中的最新进展,聚焦右心室-肺动脉(right ventricular-pulmonary arterial,RV-PA)耦联的无创替代参数及人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术的应用前景,以期为优化PH患者临床管理优化提供理论参考和实践指导。

1 右心室解剖和生理功能概述

右心室解剖结构复杂,其游离壁薄、肌肉较少,具有更强的扩张能力和容积适应性,因而更适于应对容量负荷而非压力负荷[1-2]。右心室肌纤维主要分为心外膜下环状层和心内膜下纵向层[3],心肌纤维分为内纵、中环和外斜3层,通过协同作用实现泵血功能,包括:1)横向缩短;2)纵向纤维收缩;3)室间隔运动;4)右心室流出道环形缩短[4-5]。在生理状态下,纵向纤维起主导作用,其缩短贡献约75%的右心室收缩功能[6];而在压力超负荷时,右心室收缩更依赖横向缩短[5]。右心室与肺循环紧密耦联,RV-PA耦联通常以收缩力与后负荷的比值表示[7]。当右心室以最小能量代价将最大心输出量输送至肺循环时,即达到最佳耦联状态[8]

2 PH时右心室的病理生理学变化

在慢性压力超负荷状态下,尤其是PH的病理环境中,肺小动脉的增生性变化会导致肺动脉压(pulmonary artery pressure,PAP)和肺血管阻力(pulmonary vascular resistance,PVR)逐渐升高。为适应负荷增加,右心室通过增强收缩力以维持泵血效率。然而,这种早期的适应性反应是以右心室向心性肥厚为代价来实现的。随着负荷进一步加重并超出右心室的代偿能力,会出现室壁应力增高和RV-PA耦联失衡[9]。这一进展可引发右心室功能障碍的恶性循环,最终导致右心室扩张及右心衰竭[10]。因此,PH背景下的右心衰竭实质上是代偿后的失代偿过程,其机制不同于左心衰竭(附图1https://doi.org/10. 57760/sciencedb.28854)。

3 右心室收缩功能的评估:传统与新兴指标

三尖瓣环收缩期位移(tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion,TAPSE)是评估右心室基底部纵向收缩功能的重要参数,不仅灵敏度高[11],还可作为PH风险分层和预后评估的连续监测指标[12](附图2,https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.28854)。近期研究[13]发现,在与有创性金标准测定的收缩末弹性(end-systolic elastance,Ees)、有效动脉弹性(effective arterial elastance,Ea)及其比值Ees/Ea(反映RV-PA耦联状态)进行比较时,TAPSE与Ees/Ea的相关性强于其与Ees的相关性。这一结果挑战了TAPSE仅代表收缩力的传统认知,提示其实际反映的是受内在收缩力、搏动性及非搏动性后负荷共同影响的右心室纵向变形。因此,TAPSE在日常临床实践和基层医疗机构初步筛查中显示出评估RV-PA耦联的潜力,但仍需更多验证。值得注意的是,在使用该参数时应该考虑某些特殊情况,例如术后心脏整体运动变化导致的右心室平移[14]、显著三尖瓣反流引起右心室底部运动夸大[8]及左室收缩通过心室相互作用产生的影响[15]。这些因素均可能造成测量偏差。

另一新兴参数——右室流出道速度-时间积分(right ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral,RVOT-VTI)被2025年美国超声心动图学会(American Society of Echocardiography,ASE)指南推荐用于PH评估[16]。除用于计算每搏输出量和心输出量外,RVOT-VTI的曲线形态还可反映肺血管病和后负荷状态。其与肺动脉收缩压(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)的比值被用作RV-PA耦联的无创替代指标,可辅助鉴别射血分数(ejection fraction,EF)保留型心力衰竭相关的毛细血管前性与毛细血管后性PH。

其他可用于评估右心室收缩功能的参数包括面积变化分数(fractional area change,FAC)[17]、三尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度(S’)[18]、右心室心肌做功(right ventricular myocardial work,RVMW)[19]、心肌做功指数(right ventricular index of myocardial performance,RIMP)[14]和三尖瓣环等容收缩期峰值速度(isovolumic contraction velocity,IVCv)[20]等(图1)。尽管这些指标可提供补充信息,但大多未经金标准充分验证,且不同程度地受到准确性、敏感性、角度依赖和负荷状态等因素的限制,临床应用价值仍有限。

近年来,对PH患者的右心室节段性功能的分析被认为可更完整地揭示右心衰竭的病理机制,其临床重要性日益凸显。三维超声心动图(three-dimensional echocardiography,3DE)对PH患者右心室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT)的节段性分析显示,右心室射血分数(right ventricular ejection fraction,RVEF)较低(<30.4%)的患者更常被归类为高危组,临床恶化事件的发生率更高[21]。这提示即使在整体右心室功能尚正常的高后负荷状态下,仅通过RVOT评估仍可早期识别出高风险患者。应变参数作为描述心肌变形的优越指标,具有无量纲特性,且相较于FAC、TAPSE等常规参数,其受超声角度和负荷影响较小[22]。有研究[23]建议将右心室游离壁(right ventricular free wall,RVFW)分割成3个等间距的段以测量右心室区域应变。此外,3DE还可实现纵向应变(longitudinal strain,LS)、周向应变(circumferential strain,CS)及径向应变(radial strain,RS)等不同空间分量的整体与区域分析。事实上,在PH患者中,右心室LS在评估收缩功能及预后方面优于CS和RS[24]。类似地,在儿童PH患者中,采用含RVFW-LS的RV-PA耦联指标评估临床结局的效果也优于TAPSE[25]。进一步将CS与LS结合可计算右心室面积应变(area strain,AS),无论是区域还是整体AS,均在PH中显示出显著预后价值,可作为评估右心室收缩功能的有效补充指标[12, 26]。这强烈预示着以AS为代表的节段性右心室功能参数可精细刻画PH中右心室形态与变形模式,有望用于早期识别和预后管理。然而,上述指标仍需在多中心、不同病因亚组中进一步验证,其在动态负荷下的响应特征及治疗指导价值尚不明确。未来应推动从经验判断向定量化、个体化评估转变,以深化对右心功能的理解和临床应用(附图2,https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.28854)。

4 右心室舒张功能评估:PH诊疗中的

“评估困境”

在PH患者中,右心室舒张功能的恶化可能早于收缩功能减退出现[27]。事实上,右心室舒张和收缩功能障碍代表2个相关但可能独立的病理过程,因此,系统评估右心室舒张功能具有重要临床意义。目前,右心室舒张功能的超声心动图整合了多视图、多模式成像数据。根据世界超声心动图学会联盟的建议,超声心动图主要涵盖以下4个方面:1)右心及下腔静脉(inferior vena cava,IVC)的二维形态学评估;2)三尖瓣血流多普勒:E峰、A峰、E/A值及E峰减速时间;3)三尖瓣外侧瓣环组织多普勒:右心室等容舒张时间、E’峰、A’峰;4)肝静脉脉冲多普勒[28](图1)。然而,这些参数在PH领域的应用尚未得到充分研究,且缺乏基于舒张期压力-容积关系(金标准)的系统验证。尽管已有心包积液、IVC内径变化及E/E’比值等指标被证实对PH患者具有预后价值[29-31],但目前仍缺乏统一的PH专用舒张功能评估标准及参考值范围,导致其病理生理特异性不足,形成PH诊疗实践中的“评估困境”。

值得关注的是,近期一些创新指标为右心室舒张功能评估提供了新视角。Wu等[32]提出采用右心室舒张末期基底直径指数(right ventricular end-diastolic basal diameter index,RVDDI)这一简便参数评估右心室舒张充盈状态。该指标在结缔组织病相关PH患者中显示出较好的预后价值。此外,右心室侧壁E’峰与三尖瓣E峰间时间间隔(time interval between tricuspid annular E’ velocity and tricuspid inflow E velocity,RV Te’-E)可反映毛细血管前PH患者舒张早期右心室充盈延迟,与PASP、右心房压、三尖瓣反流持续时间及限制性舒张模式密切相关[33]。基于应变(ϵ)和面积时间关系构建的右心室ϵ-面积环,可独立预测毛细血管前PH患者全因死亡率,改善高危患者风险分层,为右心室舒张功能评估提供了新见解[34]。然而,这些指标多源于小样本单中心研究,尚未建立治疗反应检测体系。未来应聚焦PH患者右心室舒张不同步的时相解析,深化心肌纤维化与舒张参数的结构-功能关联研究,并探索其与右房-右室耦合机制的相互作用,以推动其向临床应用转化。

5 RV-PA耦联评估:无创替代指标的发展

RV-PA耦联反映了右心室收缩功能与肺血管后负荷之间的功能匹配状态,其准确评估对揭示右心衰竭机制、识别高危患者及优化治疗时机具有重要意义。

在无创评估指标中,TAPSE/PASP比值已被多项研究证实具有显著的预后价值[35-36]。该参数无明显的性别差异[37],且预测价值优于右心房面积等传统指标,增强了其作为预测因子的稳健性。TAPSE/PASP在不同PH亚型中均显示应用潜力:在静息平均肺动脉压(mean pulmonary artery pressure,mPAP)正常或仅轻度升高但疑似PH的患者中,该比值与运动能力和运动血流动力学密切相关,并能预测临床恶化[38],为早期识别PH患者提供了依据;在先天性心脏病相关PH患者中,该比值可有效区分有氧能力受损和风险分层升高人群,为无创评估运动耐量提供便利[39];在慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压患者中,该比值可用于监测球囊肺动脉成形术或肺动脉内膜剥脱术后的预后,显示出指导治疗决策的潜力[40]。因此,TAPSE/PASP在PH的诊断、风险分层、预后评估及治疗决策中均具重要价值,可作为临床实践中的实用无创工具。尽管近期研究已通过侵入性测量的PASP验证了TAPSE/PASP在经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)与右心导管(right heart catheterization,RHC)之间的良好相关性,但其临床效用仍依赖于PASP的测量方法[41]。在三尖瓣反流(tricuspid regurgitation,TR)信号不佳的患者中,TTE常无法准确估算PASP,限制了其广泛应用。未来需结合AI技术开发自动化的PASP估算算法,以降低操作者依赖性,优化无创评估流程,推动该指标从“替代指标”向“临床核心决策参数”的转变。

近年来,研究[42-46]提出多种替代RV-PA耦联的超声参数,如右心室面积变化分数(right ventricular fractional area change,RVFAC)/PASP、S’/PASP、右心室游离壁纵向应变(right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain,RVFWLS)/PASP、RVEF/PASP、TAPSE/右心室收缩压(right ventricular systolic pressure,RVSP)及三尖瓣反流速度(tricuspid regurgitation velocity,TRV)/TAPSE等。其中,RVFWLS/PASP在预测毛细血管前性PH患者的全因死亡率和心肺移植方面优于广泛应用的TAPSE/PASP,有望成为新的超声心动图预后标志物[43]。此外,TAPSE/RVSP也可用于预测PH的严重程度,其比值>0.32代表了最佳生存率,并能够对患者结局进行有效分层[45]。Richter等[47]使用3DE衍生的压力-容积环同步评估Ees/Ea,为无创替代有创PV环路评估RV-PA耦联提供了新方法。尽管这些新兴指标前景良好,但当前研究多基于小样本单中心数据。未来需开展大规模、前瞻性、多中心研究,以金标准Ees/Ea为参照进行验证,发掘优于现有成熟参数的简便替代指标,并建立多参数耦联评分系统,实现更精准风险分层与个体化管理(附图2,https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.28854)。

6 AI的应用:机遇、挑战与未来方向

AI技术正深刻改变医学成像领域,其在心脏影像中的应用为心脏疾病的早期检测、诊断和预测提供了前所未有的机遇[48]。深度学习[49]和机器学习方法[50]已广泛应用于超声心动图对PH右心功能的评估。

基于AI的超声分析在诊断和鉴别低可能性PH患者方面表现出高度的敏感性和准确性,为改进PH筛查与管理策略指明了方向。Zhang等[51]利用卷积神经网络分析心脏结构和功能,成功识别出PH患者,显示出AI在超声心动图诊断中的潜力。AI可自动从传统胸骨旁短轴乳头肌水平视图中提取特征及三尖瓣反流射流速度(tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity,TRJV),其筛查效能不逊于超声专家的人工测量[52]。重要的是,AI技术甚至可在缺乏TRV——这一计算PASP的关键参数的情况下,仅凭临床与超声变量预测PH[53]。AI处理和学习复杂数据集的能力,为突破PH非特异性症状和传统诊断工具的局限提供了有力解决方案。

在预后预测方面,基于机器学习的全自动软件可通过3DE高精度量化右心室结构与功能参数,与心脏磁共振结果相关性良好,并能预测慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension,CTEPH)患者的不良临床结局[54];深度学习结合超声心动图评估右心室和RA面积等参数,被证明是PH患者预后的独立预测因子,且不受右心室是否扩张的影响[55],为AI在PH的识别与扩展分析奠定基础。

尽管AI在PH右心功能评估中优势显著,其临床应用仍存在局限。当前研究多基于RVEF等简单参数,尚未建立全面反映右心室功能复杂性,尤其是RV-PA耦联动态变化的评估体系。此外,大多数研究缺乏大型公共数据集和多中心数据验证,模型对特殊人群(如儿童PH、合并复杂先天性心脏病患者)的适应性未知。AI算法的“黑箱”特性、临床与数据科学之间的知识壁垒、医疗成本以及监管政策挑战亦不容忽视[48, 56-57]

未来应优先考虑:1)提高模型的精度和可靠性;2)建立有效的数据共享机制用于AI算法的训练、验证与测试;3)开展大规模前瞻性随机临床研究,证实AI技术优于人工判读改善患者结局;4)设计内在可解释的模型,为提供透明决策依据。在此基础上,应进一步挖掘可靠的右心室功能参数,提取细微疾病特征,辅助快速识别患者、完善PH临床分型、实现多模态深度表型分析,最终构建覆盖筛查-诊断-治疗-随访全流程的智能诊疗新体系。

7 结论与展望

PH背景下右心室功能变化复杂,常表现为收缩与舒张功能共同受损。超声心动图为全面评估右心室功能提供了多种有效手段,在PH管理中具有不可替代的重要价值。其中,TAPSE/PASP等无创参数已成为评估RV-PA耦联和预测预后的重要依据。然而,现有参数仍存在负荷依赖性、操作者间变异等局限,且缺乏多中心研究验证其与金标准(如压力-容积环)之间的相关性。

AI技术的快速发展为超声心动图分析带来新的机遇。深度学习、机器学习等方法有望实现自动化、精准化的右心室功能评估,显著提升PH早期检测、诊断分型及预后预测的效能。但目前其临床应用仍面临数据标准化不足、模型可解释性低等挑战。

未来研究应聚焦于:1)建立统一、标准化的右心室功能评估体系,包括评估参数的选择、参考值范围及操作规范;2)推进多中心大样本临床研究,验证现有方法的可靠性,开发整合收缩、舒张功能及RV-PA耦联的多参数评分系统;3)探索AI驱动的动态功能评估和亚组分析;4)推动右心室功能评估从经验判断向量化、个体化诊疗转变,为PH患者制订更合理的治疗方案,最终改善其生存质量与临床结局。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82470055┫。This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ┣82470055)

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