植物提取物对腹泻犊牛肠道菌群的调节作用研究进展

安彦昊 ,  王德志 ,  尹文 ,  李梦吉 ,  曹佩佩 ,  马燕芬

农业科学研究(中英文) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (02) : 91 -96.

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农业科学研究(中英文) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (02) : 91 -96. DOI: 10.13907/j.cnki.nykxyj.2025.02.007
动物疫病防控与健康养殖

植物提取物对腹泻犊牛肠道菌群的调节作用研究进展

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Research Progress on Regulation of Plant Extracts on Intestinal Flora of Calves with Diarrhea

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摘要

犊牛健康是保证奶牛养殖业可持续发展和经济效益提升的关键环节,腹泻是奶牛场犊牛培育中常见的高发疾病,严重时可引起犊牛死亡率升高,导致后备牛生产力下降,影响奶牛业的健康高效发展。植物提取物作为重要的畜禽饲料添加剂,具有促生长、提高免疫力和调节肠道菌群等功效,在调控动物机体健康方面发挥了重要作用。综述植物提取物对腹泻犊牛肠道菌群调节作用(促进有益肠道细菌的生长,抑制并减少肠道病原体,维持肠道环境和宿主健康稳态)的研究进展,以期为植物提取物饲料添加剂的开发和应用提供参考。

Abstract

Calf health is a key link to ensure the sustainable development of dairy farming and the improvement of economic benefits. Diarrhea is a common disease in the breeding of dairy calves, leading to a high mortality rate of calves, causing a decrease in the productivity of reserve cattle, and seriously affecting the healthy and efficient development of dairy farming. As an important feed additive for livestock and poultry, plant extracts have the functions of promoting growth, improving immunity and regulating intestinal flora, and play an important role in regulating animal health. This paper reviewed the research progress of plant extracts on the regulation of intestinal flora in calves with diarrhea (promoting the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, inhibiting the reduction of intestinal pathogens, and maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal environment and host health), in order to provide reference for the development and application of plant extracts as feed additives.

关键词

肠道微生态 / 犊牛 / 腹泻 / 植物提取物

Key words

intestinal microecology / calves / diarrhea / plant extracts

引用本文

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安彦昊,王德志,尹文,李梦吉,曹佩佩,马燕芬. 植物提取物对腹泻犊牛肠道菌群的调节作用研究进展[J]. 农业科学研究(中英文), 2025, 46(02): 91-96 DOI:10.13907/j.cnki.nykxyj.2025.02.007

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犊牛腹泻(calf diarrhoea,CD)可由环境、机体因素以及传染因子如轮状病毒、冠状病毒、微小隐孢子虫和大肠杆菌相互作用引起[1],是造成新生犊牛生长障碍和死亡的主要原因,也是导致奶牛养殖业经济损失的重要因素。其中,以大肠杆菌感染引起的犊牛腹泻最为常见[2]。美国农业部数据表明,由腹泻和其他消化道疾病造成的犊牛死亡率位居第一,高达56.6%[3]。可见,犊牛腹泻已成为制约奶牛养殖业健康发展的重要疾病之一。
肠道菌群在动物健康中起着至关重要的作用,特别是幼龄动物,更易受到外部因素的影响[4]。肠道菌群的多样性和稳定性是犊牛肠道菌群健康的重要特征和指标[5]。大量使用抗生素不仅会导致细菌产生耐药性、乳品中药物残留和环境污染等严重问题,还会打破动物肠道菌群结构,导致肠道微生态失调[6]。既能替代抗生素又能提升犊牛生长性能的饲料添加剂成为目前畜牧业研究领域的热点科学问题[7]。本文综述了植物提取物对腹泻犊牛肠道微生态调节作用的研究进展,以期为植物提取物饲料添加剂的开发和应用提供参考。

1 犊牛腹泻与肠道菌群

1.1 犊牛腹泻

犊牛免疫力低下,易受细菌或病毒感染导致肠道菌群失衡[8],引起代谢紊乱,最终导致腹泻,这影响了犊牛的正常生长发育,严重时可导致犊牛死亡[9-10]。研究发现,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠聚集性大肠杆菌(extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli,ESBL-EAEC)会严重破坏犊牛肠道菌群结构[11]。现已确定的引起犊牛腹泻的传染性病原体包括:①病毒,如牛轮状病毒(bovine rotavirus,BRV)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)、牛腺病毒(bovine adenovirus,BAdV)、牛凸隆病毒(bovine torovirus,BToV)、牛细小病毒(bovine parvovirus,BPV)、牛星状病毒(bovine astrovirus,BoAstV)、牛嵴病毒(bovine kobuvirus,BKoV)、牛诺如病毒(bovine norovirus,BNoV)、杯状病毒(calicivirus);②细菌,如沙门菌属(Salmonella spp.)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium botulinum);③寄生虫,如隐孢子虫属(Cryptosporidium spp.)、艾美球虫属(Eimeria spp.)、贾第虫属(Giardia spp.)[12-19]

1.2 肠道菌群与肠道健康

肠道健康在犊牛营养中备受关注[20],特别是肠道菌群在调节肠道健康中的作用[21]。肠道微生物菌群紊乱容易导致消化率降低、腹泻等各种问题[22]。肠道中微生物共生在黏膜免疫调节、营养物质吸收及对病原体定植的抵抗力方面对宿主产生重要影响[23]。反刍动物肠道微生物从胎儿期到出生后逐渐定植[24-25]。肠道微生物之间具有相互作用的巨大潜力,早期定植者可能会长期影响微生物菌群的建立[26]。研究发现,将健康犊牛粪便微生物定植到腹泻犊牛中可以平衡腹泻犊牛肠道微生物群,从而改善犊牛腹泻[27]。而Muribaculaceae可能是预防断奶犊牛腹泻的核心微生物群[28]。在健康犊牛肠道的优势菌群中发现的红蝽菌科和叶杆菌科的细菌及刺尾鱼菌属可能是发挥保护作用的益生菌。然而,仅在腹泻犊牛肠道中发现LachnospiraNeisseriaSolibacillus几种细菌[29]。可见,肠道菌群对犊牛肠道健康至关重要,利用犊牛肠道有益的优势菌群开发出新的益生菌,可以促进犊牛肠道健康,有效预防腹泻。

2 植物提取物

植物提取物是经过物理化学提取分离过程,定向获取和浓集的植物中的某一种或多种有效成分,如多酚、多糖、黄酮、生物碱等。酚类化合物,如黄酮、皂苷、类胡萝卜素等在抗病毒、抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化方面发挥重要作用[30]。多糖是一种益生元,具有促进有益肠道细菌生长,抑制减少肠道病原体以及维持肠道环境和宿主健康稳态的功能[31]。植物提取物与抗生素相比具有副作用少、成本低、残留少、无耐药性等特点。因此,从中草药植物中分离生物活性成分、精炼植物提取物制成饲料添加剂已成为畜禽饲养的新趋势[32]

研究表明,番石榴(Pisidium guajava)和圣刺枣(Ziziphusspina christi)提取物具有抗病毒、抗菌活性的作用,被用于多种疾病的治疗,如胃肠道疾病腹泻和糖尿病[33-34]。绿原酸(chlorogenic acid,CGA)主要存在于金银花、山楂、杜仲、菊花等药用植物中,具有抗炎和抗氧化的作用,且CGA可以改善肠道微生物群[35]。研究发现,菰腺忍冬(Lonicera hypoglauca)和黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)提取物可以调节肠道微生物群的生态失调[36]。海藻的天然成分是巨大的生物资源,其提取物和多糖作为药物具有抗炎和保护胃的作用[37-39]。另外,藻类多糖对胃液(宿主的消化酶)的作用具有抗性,在胃肠道上部不被吸收,可作为特定肠道微生物种群的发酵底物[40]

3 植物提取物在犊牛腹泻中的应用

植物提取物在治疗犊牛腹泻和平衡肠道菌群中发挥重要的作用。研究表明,葛根多糖(pueraria lobata polysaccharides,PLP)具有抗氧化和免疫调节活性,可以调节肠道微生物菌群。腹泻犊牛口服PLP(每kg体质量口服1 mg)可以改变肠道微生物菌群,显著增加有益细菌的相对丰度,门水平包括拟杆菌、放线菌,属水平包括Collinsella、巨单胞菌和双歧杆菌;降低致病菌或腹泻相关细菌的相对丰度,如变形杆菌、梭杆菌、梭状芽孢杆菌和大肠埃氏菌-志贺氏菌(Escherichia-Shigella[41]。此外,PLP可以缓解由抗生素相关性腹泻引起的结肠病理变化和肠道微生物群失调[42]。车前子被称为改善胃肠道状况的膳食纤维[43],摄入纤维可能有助于通过调节微生物群来改善胃肠道环境,纤维可以促进瘤胃细菌的定植和有益细菌在肠道中的生长[44]。通过口服纤维,减少后肠中潜在致病菌的丰度,促进有益细菌在肠道中的生长,有助于改善新生犊牛的后肠环境,使犊牛在早期阶段更好地生长[44]。ESBL-EAEC通过改变肠道微生物菌群,减少红蝽菌科(Coriobacteriaceae)和瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)的丰度而加剧腹泻过程[11]。Stodi®是几种印度药用植物的混合物(包括石榴的果皮、穿心莲的地上部分、阿拉伯胶树树皮、毗黎勒果实、止泻木树皮),富含酚类物质[45]。Stodi®可以有效缩短新生犊牛腹泻的病程,但使用固定剂量的Stodi®并没有显著降低犊牛腹泻的发病率[45]

生物活性次级代谢物如单宁、类黄酮、皂苷、萜类化合物等具有一定的止泻活性,可以通过抑制组胺和前列腺素的释放抑制水电解分泌物,通过减少Ca2+内流或增加Ca2+外流,最终诱导肌肉松弛而减少蠕动运动和肠道分泌物,从而显示出抗胃肠道蠕动作用[46-47]。苦杏仁叶粗提取物通过减少小鼠湿粪便数量、胃肠蠕动和肠腔内积液而显示出抗腹泻活性[48]。生姜作为一种常见的香料和草药,可以调节肠道微生物群的组成,提高肠道菌群的多样性,加速肠道菌群的恢复,对胃肠道有益[49]。钠/葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1(recombinant Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 1,SGLT1)通过肠刷边界膜吸收葡萄糖,激活电解质和水的吸收,这是一种有效的治疗E. coli引起的腹泻的途径。有研究发现,甜菊叶提取物(stevia leaf extract,SL)通过增强SGLT1和肠道的活性及吸收葡萄糖的能力,从而改善大肠杆菌病诱导的肠道疾病[50]。肠道微生物菌群具有营养和免疫功能,但肠道微生物菌群与犊牛健康之间的因果关系,以及微生物调节的短期和长期影响尚不清楚,需要进一步研究肠道菌群多样性。

4 小结与展望

天然植物源提取物作为一种绿色饲料添加剂,具有杀菌、抗病毒、提高机体免疫力和改善动物肠道健康等作用,在畜牧业养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。今后的有关研究要结合犊牛肠道微生态生理学特征和生物学基本规律,寻找可以促进肠道有益微生物生长,改善机体肠道微生态健康,降低腹泻率的天然抗菌药物或替代抗菌药物的产品,从而提高犊牛成活率,增加养殖业经济效益。

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基金资助

奶公犊成活保健及其育肥关键技术研究与示范应用(2023BCF01034)

哺乳犊牛营养优化及健康饲喂技术研究(2023XTCX05)

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