不同改良剂对盐碱地玉米品质、产量及土壤理化性质的影响
武晋民 , 张恩 , 白小龙 , 赵军跃 , 张邦彦 , 刘盼婷 , 田丰 , 赵卉 , 王彬
农业科学研究(中英文) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (04) : 65 -72.
不同改良剂对盐碱地玉米品质、产量及土壤理化性质的影响
Effects of Different Amendments on the Quality and Yield of Maize and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Saline-Alkali Soil
为研究不同改良剂对盐碱地玉米品质、产量及土壤理化性质的影响,在内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地进行试验。以当地玉米品种弘丰556为研究对象,设置CK(不作处理)、DG(脱硫石膏15 000 kg·hm-2)、IA(新型改良剂15 000 kg·hm-2)和BO(生物有机肥7 500 kg·hm-2)4 个处理,研究不同改良剂对中重度盐碱地玉米品质、产量及0~40 cm土层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:①不同改良剂均可提高盐碱土玉米品质,其中BO可显著提高玉米籽粒粗蛋白质质量分数,较CK提高23.69%;3种改良剂均可显著降低玉米籽粒粗灰分质量分数,DG、IA、BO较CK分别降低6.06%、10.30%、10.90%;IA可显著提高玉米籽粒脂肪、淀粉质量分数,分别较CK提高8.2%、3.27%;DG和IA可显著降低玉米籽粒水分,分别较CK降低13.2%、11.5%。②不同改良剂均可显著提高盐碱土玉米产量,DG、IA、BO分别较CK提高38.34%、48.21%、40.81%,其中IA的玉米产量最高,为3 486.92 kg hm-2。BO可显著提高玉米穗长、穗粒质量,分别较CK提高36.03%、38.21%;IA和BO可显著提高玉米籽粒百粒质量,分别较CK提高12.05%、13.13%;DG可显著降低玉米秃尖长,较CK降低51.33%;BO可显著增加玉米穗粗,较CK提高17.03%。③不同改良剂处理可有效改善土壤0~20 cm、21~40 cm土层理化性质。DG可显著降低土壤0~20 cm土层孔隙度,较CK降低5.03%;不同改良剂均可显著降低21~40 cm土层容重,DG、IA、BO分别较CK降低6.29%、6.29%、5.59%;不同改良剂均可显著提高0~20 cm土层田间持水量,DG、IA、BO分别较CK提高8.83%、19.51%、12.53%;不同改良剂均可显著降低土壤0~40 cm土层全盐质量比,DG、IA、BO分别较CK平均降低0~40 cm土层全盐质量比的幅度为45.86%、41.66%、40.42%;不同改良剂均可显著降低土壤21~40 cm土层pH,DG、IA、BO分别较CK降低5.95%、4.28%、3.45%。④结合主成分分析和隶属函数分析可知,新型改良剂和生物有机肥处理的综合得分较高,是适宜于内蒙古河套盐碱地施用的改良物料。因此,新型改良剂和生物有机肥可作为改善内蒙古中重度盐碱地土壤理化性质,提高当地玉米品质和产量的改良物料。
This study investigates the effects of different amendments on the quality and yield of maize, as well as the soil’s physicochemical properties in saline-alkali soils. Experiments were conducted in the saline-alkali lands of the Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia. In 2022, the local maize variety Hongfeng 556 was used as the study subject, with four treatments established: CK (control, no treatment), DG (15 000 kg·hm² of desulfurized gypsum), IA (15 000 kg·hm² of a new improvement agent), and BO (7 500 kg·hm² of bio-organic fertilizer). The aim was to assess the effects of these amendments on maize quality and yield in moderately to severely saline-alkali soils and to analyze changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil in 0~40 cm depth range. The results indicate that: ① All amendments can improve the quality of maize grown in saline-alkali soils. BO significantly increases the crude protein content of maize grains by 23.69% compared to CK. All three amendments can significantly reduce the crude ash content of maize grains, with reductions of 6.06%, 10.3%, and 10.9% compared to CK. IA can significantly increase the fat and starch content of maize grains by 8.2% and 3.27%, respectively, compared to CK. DG and IA can also significantly reduce the moisture content of maize grains by 13.2% and 11.5% compared to CK. ② All amendments can significantly increase maize yield in saline-alkali soils, with increases of 38.34%, 48.21%, and 40.81% compared to CK, respectively. The highest yield is observed under the new amendment treatment at 3 486.92 kg·hm2. BO can significantly increase both ear length and grain weight per ear by 36.03% and 38.21% compared to CK. IA and BO can also significantly increase the 100-grain weight by 12.05% and 13.13% compared to CK. DG can significantly reduce the barren tip length by 51.33% compared to CK, while BO can significantly increase the ear diameter by 17.03% compared to CK. ③ The different amendment treatments can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of the soil at depths of 0~20 cm and 21~40 cm. DG can significantly reduce the porosity of the soil at 0~20 cm by 5.03% compared to CK. All amendments can significantly reduce the bulk density of the soil at 21~40 cm, with reductions of 6.29%, 6.29%, and 5.59% compared to CK. All amendments can also significantly increase the field water capacity of the soil at 0~20 cm by 8.83%, 19.51%, and 12.53%, respectively, compared to CK. Additionally, all amendments can significantly reduce the total salt content of the soil at 0~40 cm with average reductions of 45.86%, 41.66%, and 40.42% compared to CK. All amendments can significantly lower the pH of the soil at 21~40 cm with reductions of 5.95%, 4.28%, and 3.45% compared to CK. ④ Principal component analysis and membership function analysis indicate that the new amendment and bio-organic fertilizer receive high composite scores, suggesting their suitability for application in saline-alkali soils of Hetao, Inner Mongolia. Consequently, these amendments can be utilized to enhance the physicochemical properties of moderate and severe saline-alkali lands, thereby improving the quality and yield of local maize.
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内蒙古土默特右旗盐碱地改良示范区科技项目
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