秸秆配施不同形态氮肥改善土壤理化性质及设施土壤改良措施
马玲 , 李惠霞 , 张学科 , 宋晓慧 , 王少燕 , 王浩宇 , 阿依早合拉·艾西丁
农业科学研究(中英文) ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (02) : 58 -64.
秸秆配施不同形态氮肥改善土壤理化性质及设施土壤改良措施
Research on the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties and soil remediation measures in facilities using different forms of nitrogen fertilizers combined with straw
选取连续种植15年的设施土壤为试验材料,采用不同种类秸秆和不同形态氮肥双因素随机区组试验,测定秸秆腐解期土壤物理、化学等指标,旨在提出设施栽培土壤改良与培肥技术措施。结果表明:①秸秆与化肥配施在降低土壤pH(尿素配施油菜秸秆土壤pH最低)、提高土壤电导率(在秸秆腐解前期施用水稻秸秆配施硝酸钾显著增加土壤电导率)、增加硝态氮含量(不同搭配均可显著提高土壤硝态氮含量)方面明显优于单施秸秆或单施化肥。②施用油菜秸秆和水稻秸秆较不施秸秆能显著影响土壤有机质含量(+11.59%/+18.05%)、速效钾含量(+44.6%/+25.1%)、速效磷含量(+38.3%/-9.4%);不同形态氮肥对有机质、速效磷和速效钾的含量无显著影响。③秸秆腐解过程中,铵态氮的释放在不同秸秆种类及氮肥形态搭配下呈现不同释放速率。铵态氮的释放主要发生在前30 d,不施秸秆时尿素释放的铵态氮较多,施用油菜秸秆配施普通或控释型尿素时释放的铵态氮基本相当,施用水稻秸秆配施控释型尿素释放的铵态氮较多。④秸秆配施氮肥均可显著提高土壤硝态氮含量。综合考虑,建议油菜秸秆配施普通尿素进行设施土壤改良与培肥。
Using soil from facilities that have been continuously planted for 15 years as the experimental material, a two-factor randomized block experiment was conducted with different types of straw and different forms of nitrogen fertilizers to determine soil physical and chemical indicators during straw decomposition, aiming to propose technical measures for soil improvement and fertilizer application in facility cultivation. The results showed that: ① The combination of straw and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced soil pH (the lowest soil pH was found with urea combined with rapeseed straw), increased soil electrical conductivity (applying potassium nitrate with rice straw in the early stage of straw decomposition significantly increased soil electrical conductivity), and increased nitrate nitrogen content (different combinations significantly improved soil nitrate nitrogen content), which was clearly superior to the application of straw or chemical fertilizer alone. ② The application of rapeseed straw and rice straw significantly influenced soil organic matter content (+11.59%/+18.05%), available potassium content (+44.6%/+25.1%), and available phosphorus content (+38.3%/-9.4%) compared to no straw application; different forms of nitrogen fertilizers had no significant effect on the content of organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium. ③ The release of ammonium nitrogen during the decomposition of straw showed different release rates due to the combination of different straw types and nitrogen fertilizer forms. The release of ammonium nitrogen mainly occurred in the first 30 days, with more ammonium nitrogen released from urea when no straw was applied, while the release of ammonium nitrogen was basically the same when rapeseed straw was applied with ordinary or controlled-release urea, and more ammonium nitrogen was released when rice straw was applied with controlled-release urea. ④ The combined application of straw and nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen content. Considering all factors, it is recommended to use rapeseed straw combined with ordinary urea for soil improvement and fertilization in facilities.
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国家自然科学基金项目(31960628)
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