1.Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
2.Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
3.School of Ecology and Environment,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
Soil is a fundamental resource for agricultural production, and the spatial distribution and pollution levels of soil heavy metals are critical to farmland ecosystems and human health. To characterize heavy metals and metalloid contamination and its drivers in farmland soils of the central arid zone of Ningxia, it conducted soil sampling for three consecutive years(2021—2023), analyzed the spatial distribution and correlations of heavy metals and metalloid contents, evaluated contamination status and ecological risk, and apportioned pollution sources. The mean concentrations of Pb, As, Zn, Ni, Cu, Hg, Cr and Cd were 26.47, 9.52, 58.51, 33.80, 22.60, 0.04, 48.00 and 0.16 mg·kg—1, respectively. Relative to Ningxia’a natural soil background values, these metals showed varying degrees of enrichment but did not reach high pollution levels, and none exceeded the the risk control values specified in the Soil Environmental Quality—Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB 15618—2018). this indicates that heavy metal contamination of farmland soils in the study area is generally low and overall soil environmental quality is good. Ecological risk assessment identified Hg as the principal risk contributor, with some sites exhibiting moderate to relatively high risk; however, all remained within the risk control thresholds for agricultural soils. Correlation analysis combined with positive matrix factorization(PMF) resolved four major sources of heavy metals: traffic-related emissions (24.01%), natural background (35.43%), agricultural production activities (24.46%), and industrial/medical anthropogenic emissions (16.10%). These results show that anthropogenic activities contribute substantially to heavy metal inputs and their transport and transformation, underscoring the need for continued attention and strengthened management of agricultural, industrial, and transportation-related sources.
正定矩阵因子分解(positive matrix factorization,PMF)是Paatero[22]提出的一种新的源解析方法,它能够将观测到的不确定与非负的限制结合在一起,具有更强的物理含义,且无须确定源区组分,便于快速、准确地判别各种污染源[5,23]。PMF是一种矩阵分解技术,它基于最小二乘法和非负约束进行因子分析。该模型旨在将一个原始矩阵分解为2个因子矩阵和1个残差矩阵,这些矩阵的乘积应近似等于原始矩阵,且因子矩阵的所有元素均为非负值。这一过程实现了对原始数据的有效分解,并有助于后续的数据分析和处理。此模型巧妙地将一个复杂的矩阵问题转化为更易于处理的形式。它将原始数据矩阵经过精心设计的数学变换,划分为2个主要的子区域和1个与之相关联的残差区域。这2个因子矩阵在数学上等同于原始矩阵的一部分,而残差矩阵则代表了数据中的任何缺失值或异常值所产生的影响。通过这种分解方式,模型能够有效地揭示数据的内在结构和潜在模式,从而实现对数据的深入理解和分析。PMF模型是一种典型的受体模型,它假设在受体部位测得的浓度是不同来源贡献的线性组合。这种模型具有显著的优势,它可以在没有源配置文件作为输入的情况下使用,并且可以加权每个数据点的不确定性,对数据施加非负约束,确保贡献源始终为正,从而获得更有意义的因子[24]。由于这些优势,PMF模型已经成为美国环境保护署推荐使用的通用源分配建模工具,已被广泛应用于大气、水质、土壤和颗粒物(PM)的源分配研究中[5]。PMF模型将原矩阵 X (尺寸为i×j)分解成2个因素矩阵 F (尺寸为i×j)和 G (尺寸为i×j),另外还有一个剩余矩阵E(尺寸为i×j),其计算公式为:
XijGikFkj + Eij。
式中: Xij 为第i个样品的第j个重金属元素的含量; Gik 为源k中第i个样品的贡献,即源的分担率矩阵; Fkj 为源k中第j个重金属元素的含量,即源重金属元素谱矩阵; Eij 是残差矩阵,表示分解过程中的误差。
PMF模型的目标是最小化目标函数Q,该函数通常定义为原始矩阵与重构矩阵之间差的平方和。通过迭代计算,PMF模型不断地优化因子矩阵 F 和 G,以最小化目标函数Q。目标函数Q的表达式如下:
IslamM S, HossainM B, MatinA, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution, distribution and source apportionment in the sediment from Feni River Estuary, Bangladesh[J]. Chemosphere,2018,202:25-32.
[4]
ZhangH X, CaiA Z, WangX J, et al. Risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in soils from Handan City[J]. Applied Sciences, 2021, 11(20): 9615.
HakansonL. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[17]
LiuX S, HuangD M, ZhuY M, et al. Bioassessment of marine sediment quality using meiofaunal assemblages in a semi-enclosed bay[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,100(1):92-101.
ChengZ, ChenL, LiH H, et al. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from urban area in Chengdu, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,619:621-629.
GuanQ Y, WangF F, XuC Q, et al. Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF: A case study in Hexi Corridor, northwest China[J]. Chemosphere,2018,193:189-197.
[40]
YeX Z, XiaoW D, ZhangY Z, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in vegetables and relationships with soil heavy metal distribution in Zhejiang Province, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015,187(6):378.
WangY T, GuoG H, ZhangD G, et al. An integrated method for source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils and model uncertainty analysis[J]. Environmental Pollution,2021,276:116666.
[43]
BhuiyanM A H, DampareS B, IslamM A, et al. Source apportionment and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in water and sediments of Buriganga River, Bangladesh, using multivariate analysis and pollution evaluation indices[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,187(1):4075.
[44]
WangY Q, YangL Y, KongL H, et al. Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongping Lake, Shandong, East China[J]. Catena,2015,125:200-205.
[45]
LiuH W, ZhangY, YangJ S, et al. Quantitative source apportionment, risk assessment and distribution of heavy metals in agricultural soils from southern Shandong Peninsula of China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2021,767:144879.
JiangY X, ChaoS H, LiuJ W, et al. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province, China[J]. Chemosphere,2017,168:1658-1668.