遮光对玉米品种株型及光合速率的影响
王苗 , 杨阳 , 孙颖 , 马小成 , 郭晓霞 , 刘广周 , 杨云山 , 刘万茂 , 侯鹏
农业科学研究(中英文) ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (01) : 90 -96.
遮光对玉米品种株型及光合速率的影响
Effects of shading on plant morphological characteristics and photosynthetic rate of maize cultivars
为明确高产玉米品种株型和光合作用对遮光的响应差异,以掖单13和登海618两个不同年代高产玉米品种为试验材料,在大田相同种植密度(75 000 株·hm-2)条件下设置全生育期遮光30%(S)和不遮光(CK)试验,研究遮光对不同年代高产玉米品种产量和株型特征等的影响。结果表明:遮光后两品种产量、成熟期干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量及经济系数均表现为登海618>掖单13,其中掖单13(49.25%)产量降幅大于登海618(42.23%),成熟期干物质积累量(21.88%和34.30%)、花后干物质积累量(34.10%和45.59%)和经济系数(7.99%和10.50%)则相反。从株型特征看,CK下玉米株高、穗位高、穗位系数,地上部茎秆节间长度均表现为掖单13>登海618。遮光后玉米株高、穗位高、穗位系数、地上部茎秆节间长度均呈现增加趋势。不同品种节间伸长部位有所差异,掖单13穗位及以上节间长增加趋势明显,登海618则主要表现在中部节间长的增加更为明显。此外,CK下玉米植株叶面积指数和总叶面积、穗上层、穗下层叶面积空间密度均表现为掖单13 >登海618,净光合速率的表现则相反。遮光后两品种叶片长和叶面积指数均呈现增大趋势,总叶面积空间密度、穗上层叶面积空间密度和净光合速率均显著降低。总体看,全生育期弱光环境显著影响玉米株型和产量,登海618具有适宜的叶面积指数和叶面积空间密度,且在弱光下有更强的适应能力。
In order to clarify differences in plant morphological characteristics and photosynthetic responses to shading among high-yielding maize cultivars from different release eras, it compared Yedan 13 and Denghai 618 in a field experiment with two light regimes: 30% shading throughout the entire growth period (S) and no shading (CK), under a uniform plant density of 75,000 plants /hm2. The results showed that after shading, Denghai 18 outperformed Yedan 13 in grain yield, dry matter at maturity, post-silking dry matter accumulation, and harvest index. The yield reduction was greater in Yedan 13(49.25%) than in Denghai 618 (42.23%). In contrast, the reductions in dry matter at maturity (21.88% vs 34.30%), post-silking dry matter accumulation (34.10% vs 45.59%), and harvest index (7.99% vs 10.50%) were smaller in Yedan 13 than in Denghai 618. Under the control treatment, plant height, ear height, ear height ratio, and aboveground stem internode length were all greater in Yedan 13 than in Denghai 618. Shading increased plant height, ear height, ear height ration, and inernode length in both cultivars. The pattern of internode elongation differed between cultivars: elongation was more pronounced at and above the ear in Yedan 13, whereas it was concentrated in the middle internodes in Denghai 618. Under the control, Yedan 13 had higher leaf area index (LAI), total leaf area, and leaf area density (LAD) both above and below the ear, but a lower net photosynthetic rate (Pn), compared with Denghai 618. Shading increased leaf length and LAI in both cultivars, while significantly decreasing total LAD, above-ear LAD, and leaf Pn. Overall, season-ong low light markedly altered maize plant architecture and reduced grain yield. Denghai 618 exhibited a more suitable LAI and canopy leaf area distribution (LAD), and stronger adaptability under low-light conditions.
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宁夏重点研发项目(引才专项)(2022BSB03065)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(32172118)
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