绿地及其生物多样性对过敏性疾病的影响研究综述

Review on the Effect of Green Space and Its Biodiversity on Allergic Diseases

摘要

【目的】过敏性疾病发病率日渐攀升，自然环境与生物多样性接触减少是重要诱因；绿地是承载自然环境与生物多样性接触的重要载体，对过敏性疾病的影响日益受到关注。【方法】基于 Web of Science、PubMed 数据库，遴选了截至 2025 年 6 月的针对绿地及其生物多样性与过敏性疾病相关关系开展实证研究的英文文献，系统综述了研究方法、结果和影响机制。【结果】已有研究使用队列、横断面与病例对照分析的方法揭示了绿地及其生物多样性与过敏性疾病患病风险存在相关关系。总体上，植物多样性、树木配置相关指标与过敏性疾病患病风险降低有关，针叶树、草地、非本地植物相关指标与过敏性疾病患病风险升高相关，而反映绿地总体供给特征的指标研究结论差异较大。绿地及其生物多样性对过敏性疾病的核心影响机制可能源于生物多样性对维持生态群落稳定性、防止物种失衡的关键作用。【结论】使用以上 3 种方法的研究在绿地及其生物多样性指标测度、完整影响路径与机制探索方面均存在不足，影响机制研究是重要缺口，研究结论存在异质性。未来可重点关注细粒度绿地及其生物多样性指标的差异化作用，探究绿地生物多样性对物种间平衡的调控效应，解析微生物多样性的关键中介作用，并关注环境与人群差异。

Abstract

[Objective] Allergic diseases are immune-related diseases, and their incidence rate is increasing. The decrease in the contact between natural environment and biodiversity caused by the decline of global ecological environment quality is an important factor for their high incidence. As an important part of the ecosystem, green space is an important carrier facilitating contact between natural environment and biodiversity, and its impact on allergic diseases is increasingly concerned. A deep understanding of the relationship between green space biodiversity and allergic diseases can not only provide a theoretical basis for exploring the relationship between cities, ecology, and health in the process of rapid urbanization, but also provide a practical approach for improving the ecological environment quality of national land and improving health service functions. [Methods] Based on literature retrieved from Web of Science and PubMed up to 2025, this review selected empirical studies examining the relationship between green space, its biodiversity, and allergic diseases. A systematic synthesis was conducted to summarize research methods, findings, and underlying mechanisms concerning the impact of green space and its biodiversity on allergic diseases. [Results] Firstly, in terms of research methods, a total of 16 studies used cohort analysis, 12 studies used cross-sectional analysis, and 2 studies used case-control designs. These documents reveal a correlation between green space biodiversity and allergic diseases. Cohort studies, using long-term time-series data, can reveal the cumulative effects of biodiversity on allergic diseases to some extent. However, such studies mainly focus on the macro-level supply characteristics of green spaces, and the measurement of biodiversity is still relatively coarse. Moreover, there is limited empirical evidence on the impact of microbial diversity as the mediating factor. Cross-sectional studies can analyze the comprehensive impacts of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors on allergic diseases by incorporating more refined green space biodiversity indicators and more comprehensive control variables. However, they cannot distinguish causal temporal relationships. Case-control studies have time and economic cost advantages compared to cohort studies. However, current case-control studies have included only availability and accessibility indicators that reflect the overall characteristics of green spaces, and have not provided clear or specific measurements of green space biodiversity. Secondly, the analysis of the impact results shows that there are certain differences in the results. Indicators related to plant diversity and tree species composition are associated with a reduced risk of allergic diseases, while indicators related to grasslands, coniferous trees, and non-native plants are associated with an increased risk of allergic diseases. However, there are significant differences in the research conclusions of indicators reflecting overall supply characteristics. The inconsistency of research conclusions may mainly be caused by differences in research design, exposure assessment, control variables, and geographical regions. Thirdly, in terms of influencing mechanisms, the impact mechanism of green space biodiversity on allergic diseases may stem from its key role in maintaining ecological community stability and preventing species imbalance. The existing theoretical hypothesis has jointly revealed the basic relationship between green space biodiversity and allergic diseases: under the background of urbanization, the environmental and lifestyle changes, the reduction of macro-biodiversity and of human contact with green space and other natural environments and biodiversity, which led to the reduction of microbial diversity contact level, hinders immune regulation circuits, and leads to a sharp rise in the incidence rate of allergic diseases. Appropriate environmental microbial exposure can be achieved by restoring urban green spaces, potentially reducing the incidence of allergic diseases may be reduced. However, the role of green space biodiversity in maintaining community species balance, preventing microbial dysbiosis, and inhibiting single species dominance, as well as the empirical verification of the mediating role of microbial diversity between macro biodiversity and allergic diseases, are not sufficient. [Conclusion] The exiting studies have deficiencies in the measurement of green spaces and their biodiversity indicators, the exploration of complete influence paths and mechanisms. The research on the influence mechanism is a significant gap, and the research conclusions are heterogeneous. Future research can focus on the differentiated roles of fine-grained green spaces and their biodiversity indicators, explore the regulatory effect of green space biodiversity on the balance between species, analyze the key mediating role of microbial diversity, and pay attention to environmental and population differences.

关键词

健康城市 / 生态城市 / 绿地 / 生物多样性 / 过敏性疾病 / 影响机制

Key words

health city / eco-city / green space / biodiversity / allergic diseases / impact mechanism

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“微生物多样性视角下城市绿地空间对儿童过敏性疾病的影响机制及规划干预路径——以成都市为例”(52508085)

国家自然科学基金面上项目“成都平原经济区生态地域化的演变机制、特征构建及规划支撑方法研究”(5227081768)

四川省科技计划资助项目(2026NSFSC1298)

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2682025CX177)

北京大学-林肯研究院城市发展与土地政策研究中心资助项目“城市住区绿地对儿童过敏性疾病的影响及规划应对：基于微生物组中介效应的实证研究”(FS03-20251001−LSY)