从游憩体验到教育引导：全龄友好视角下的北京市郊野公园自然教育感知评价

From Recreational Experience to Educational Guidance: Perception and Evaluation of Nature Education in Beijing’s Country Parks from an All-Age Friendly Perspective

摘要

【目的】全龄化已成为自然教育发展的重要趋势，但从公众体验出发、针对不同年龄群体自然教育差异的实证研究仍较匮乏。本研究旨在揭示全年龄段群体自然教育的多元化、差异化需求。【方法】以北京市29个郊野公园为研究对象，通过Python获取大众点评网评论数据，构建自然教育指示维度以及自然游憩体验内容和对象词典库，结合共词分析与改进的SnowNLP模型，识别不同年龄群体的自然游憩体验偏好与满意度特征，并通过聚类分析探索全龄友好视角下的郊野公园潜在自然教育功能差异。【结果】1）29个郊野公园的用户生成评论中公众自发开展的自然游憩体验活动内容丰富，但直接涉及自然教育的内容较少；2）自然游憩体验活动能促进公众积极情感，公园规模和等级与公众感知评价存在差异化关联；3）全年龄段人群总体更偏好贴近生活、富有体验感的自然游憩体验目标，对知识性、抽象性较强的内容兴趣不足；4）各自然游憩目标间偏好度差异显著，呈现明显的群体依赖性；5）全年龄段群体对自然游憩体验活动的满意度普遍较高且相对稳定，朋友结伴出行的满意度通常更高。【结论】基于用户生成内容探讨郊野公园的全龄自然游憩体验特征，识别出不同郊野公园的潜在自然教育功能和全年龄段群体自然教育需求差异，可为城市自然教育体系的全龄友好化建设提供实证依据与优化策略。

Abstract

[Objective] Nature education has been widely recognized as an effective approach to enhancing public ecological literacy and promoting sustainable development; however, most existing research and practice have primarily focused on children and often designed from the perspective of resource provision and park management, which may lead to a mismatch with visitors’ spontaneous recreational experiences. This study adopts an all-age perspective and utilizes user generated content (UGC) to construct an indicator system encompassing the content, objectives, and target groups of all-age nature-based recreational experience. Co-word analysis and an improved SnowNLP model were applied to assess public perceptions and sentiments of nature-based recreational experience in country parks. Specifically, the study aims to: 1) Examine the overall status of nature education and nature-based recreational experiences in country parks. 2) Assess the preference patterns and satisfaction levels of all-age groups for various nature-based recreational activities. 3) Compare park perceptions and evaluations across different population perspectives, explore underlying causes, and propose targeted optimization strategies to support the development of an all-age friendly urban nature education system. [Methods] This study focused on 29 country parks in Beijing, following a four-step research framework: 1) Social media data for 29 country parks were collected from the Dianping platform using Python and preprocessed. Based on Jieba word segmentation and following the Nature Education Guideline, three schemes were developed: one for indicative dimensions of nature education, one for nature-based recreational experience content, and one for objectives and target audiences. Dedicated lexicons were also constructed to support these schemes. 2) Based on a dictionary of target terms related to nature-based recreational experience, relevant review texts were extracted to identify the types of nature-based recreational experience content preferred by the public in each country park. Subsequently, the performance of three sentiment analysis models was evaluated, and the optimized SnowNLP model with the best overall performance was employed to quantitatively assess public satisfaction levels. 3) Comments related to different age groups were further extracted using the audience lexicon. Co-word analysis combined with sentiment analysis was employed to examine differences in preference patterns and satisfaction levels across age groups. 4) Cluster analysis was conducted to explore patterns of park groups based on all-age preference patterns and satisfaction levels, and park cluster maps were generated to reveal potential functional similarities and differences in nature education from an all-age perspective. [Results] The results indicated that 1) Visitors frequently engage in diverse spontaneous nature-based recreational experiences, while explicit references to organized nature education activities remain relatively limited. 2) Comments related to nature-based recreational experiences across all country parks showed higher satisfaction scores than overall park comments, and the size classes and administrative levels of parks exhibited differentiated associations with visitors’ perception and evaluation characteristics. 3) The public demonstrated stronger preferences for experiential and life-oriented objectives, while expressing relatively low interest in abstract or knowledge-oriented topics. 4) Preferences for different nature-based recreational experience objectives varied significantly and exhibited clear group-specific patterns. 5) Overall satisfaction with nature-based recreational experience activities remained consistently high and relatively stable across all groups, with visitors traveling with friends reporting comparatively higher levels of satisfaction. [Conclusion] This study adopts a public-oriented perspective and utilizes UGC data to examine the characteristics of all-age nature education in Beijing’s country parks. The findings demonstrate significant differences in preference patterns and satisfaction levels for nature-based recreational experiences across age groups and companionship types. Based on these findings, the study proposes strategies such as enhancing public awareness of nature education, designing differentiated educational activities, and improving the overall environmental quality of parks, with the aim of fully leveraging their recreational and educational potential and strengthening their all-age educational functions. The methods and findings also provide empirical evidence and practical guidance for urban park managers and planners, offering a transferable framework for building age-inclusive urban nature education systems. This research offers targeted recommendations for optimizing the allocation of urban nature education resources and improving both public engagement and educational outcomes. Future research may refine this work by improving data acquisition processes and algorithmic models, thereby enabling a more nuanced understanding of the diverse nature education needs across different population groups.

关键词

自然教育 / 自然游憩体验 / 郊野公园 / 全龄友好 / 感知评价 / 用户生成数据

Key words

nature education / recreational experience / country parks / all-age friendly / perception and evaluation / user-generated content

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划“乡村特色景观构建技术研究”(2024YFD2200900)