低空立体噪声干扰下城市绿地身心疗愈效能与空间影响机制

Physical and Mental Restorative Benefits and Spatial Intervention Mechanisms of Urban Green Spaces Under Low-Altitude 3D Noise Disturbance

摘要

【目的】在全球“主动健康促进”与自然健康服务（nature-based health services, NBHS）理念兴起的背景下，针对城市低空经济（如无人机）带来的立体噪声暴露问题，探究城市绿地三维视听空间特征对公众身心状态的影响机制。【方法】以广东省中山市坦洲镇典型近郊城市绿地为例，以无人机为低空噪声源，使用ArcGIS软件提取遥感空间特征指标（最近建筑距离、最近道路距离、建筑覆盖率），借助深度学习模型提取视觉环境指标（绿视率），并利用声级计现场采集听觉环境指标（等效连续A加权声压级、声学峰度）。运用多层次线性模型（multilevel linear modeling, MLM）测度多维要素对被试者生理指标（生理放松度、平均心率、压力指数）、心理指标（感兴趣程度、紧张程度、注意力集中程度、害怕程度）的复合影响。【结果】揭示了环境要素对身心状态的复杂干预效应：1）空间要素中，远离道路等高噪声暴露区域虽能显著缓解被试者的主观紧张感，却因交通背景噪声掩蔽效应的缺失，导致无人机突发噪声的侵扰凸显，提示被试者平均心率和压力指数升高，存在潜在生理应激；而增加最近建筑距离则能显著促进被试者生理放松；2）听觉要素中，等效连续A加权声压级（L_Aeq）的升高显著降低了被试者的游憩兴趣与注意力集中程度，并加剧了主观紧张与害怕情绪；3）植被要素中，较高的绿视率能够显著降低被试者平均心率，发挥了视觉缓冲作用。【结论】在低空立体噪声暴露场景中，依赖单一视觉指标的传统绿地评估方法存在局限性。NBHS场地的设计需采取视听协同策略：在空间形态上，保障建筑退界距离与开阔度，满足瞭望需求；在植被配置上，在强化林冠遮蔽的同时应保证视野通透，形成低压迫感的物理与视觉庇护，该策略与瞭望-庇护理论相契合。上述干预策略可进一步转化为可量化的低空声景设计导则，但仍需建立更精确的声学参数评价体系。

Abstract

[Objective] Low-altitude cargo drones are now flying over peri-urban green spaces, and their noise profile differs markedly from conventional traffic sound. Unlike road noise, the acoustic energy of multi-rotor UAVs arrives from above, creating a three-dimensional intrusion that existing park design standards have not addressed. Current health assessments of urban green infrastructure still rely primarily on two-dimensional visual metrics such as the green view index (GVI), tacitly assuming that visible greenery reduces stress in a roughly linear manner. This assumption becomes problematic when overhead mechanical noise enters the scene, because the interaction between visual and auditory stimuli in three-dimensional space is not well understood. Although prior research has separately documented the restorative effects of vegetation views and the annoyance caused by drone noise, few studies have examined their joint influence in real spatial settings. We therefore conducted an empirical study to investigate how micro-scale spatial form, visual greenness, and acoustic exposure together shape autonomic physiology and subjective states during drone overflight. Our broader purpose was to test whether conventional nature-based health services (NBHS) planning remains valid when low-altitude noise is present. [Methods] Fieldwork was carried out in Tanzhou, Zhongshan, a peri-urban corridor adjacent to Zhuhai’s low-altitude logistics pilot zone. Twelve micro-scale green spaces were selected to represent a realistic gradient of vegetation density and built-form enclosure, ranging from open lawn to dense canopy. A DJI FlyCart 30 logistics drone served as the noise source, hovering at 40 m, 30 m, and 20 m relative altitude above each measurement point; a no-drone baseline was also recorded. Spatial parameters including distance to the nearest building façade, distance to the nearest road, and building coverage ratio were derived from ArcGIS Pro and high-resolution satellite imagery. We later removed building coverage from the final statistical model because variance inflation factor diagnostics showed unacceptable collinearity with visual greenness. Visual data consisted of 1.6 m eye-level panoramic photographs processed through a ComfyUI workflow with the OneFormer semantic-segmentation model to extract pixel-level GVI. Acoustic metrics-L _Aeq and acoustic kurtosis-were recorded simultaneously with a Class 1 sound level meter at 48 kHz sampling. Thirty healthy volunteers were exposed to these audio-visual scenes under immersive laboratory conditions. Continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) was monitored with a Polar system, and a retrospective time-window method aligned physiological data with specific scene exposures. Root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD), mean heart rate, and Baevsky stress index were extracted with the NeuroKit2 framework. Subjective ratings of interest, tension, focused attention, and fear were collected via post-scene questionnaires. All data were analyzed with multilevel linear modeling using restricted maximum likelihood estimation. [Results] The analysis revealed that environmental factors shape health outcomes in ways that are not always intuitive. Drone altitude mattered sharply: the initial appearance at 40 m already raised psychological load above the control level, and as the drone descended to 20 m, tension and fear reached their peak while focused attention and recreational interest steadily dropped. Spatial context produced a telling disconnect between what participants felt and what their bodies showed. Greater distance from urban roads lowered self-reported tension, yet it also raised mean heart rate and Stress Index while depressing RMSSD. This indicates that without the masking blanket of continuous traffic noise, impulsive drone intrusions become more acoustically salient and provoke stronger sympathetic activation. Distance from nearby buildings, by contrast, improved physiological relaxation. On the acoustic front, L _Aeq emerged as the dominant stressor, eclipsing the more transient role of acoustic kurtosis, which failed to register a significant main effect in the final regression. Higher L _Aeq consistently eroded recreational interest and attention while amplifying tension and fear. Vegetation provided tangible buffering: a higher GVI was linked to lower mean heart rate, confirming that visual greenness can partly offset physiological stress even under noise. Notably, dense forest canopies reduced subjective tension but produced autonomic co-activation-RMSSD rose alongside a peak Baevsky Stress Index-and these enclosed spaces also diminished cognitive attention, probably because overhead noise in confined settings heightens a sense of oppressiveness. Open grassy areas with high GVI delivered the best overall physiological resilience. [Conclusion] Relying on visual metrics alone falls short when low-altitude drone noise enters the picture. Our results show that perceived calmness and actual physiological relaxation do not necessarily align; quiet green pockets deprived of continuous background noise to mask sudden intrusions can harbour hidden physiological stress. Planning urban NBHS sites therefore calls for integrating soundscape design with spatial layout. We argue for extending the classic prospect-refuge theory into three-dimensional settings: landscape configurations should secure visual openness through adequate building setbacks, giving people the capacity to visually register overhead threats without feeling enclosed, while tree canopies supply physical shelter yet retain enough vertical permeability to avoid a boxed-in sensation. Introducing positive natural masking sounds offers a practical way to make up for the loss of traffic-noise masking in deeper green areas and thus safeguard their health benefits. Follow-up work would benefit from testing additional drone models and incorporating further psychoacoustic metrics to refine these design guidelines.

关键词

城市绿地 / 自然健康服务 / 多层次线性模型 / 低空经济 / 无人机感知 / 瞭望-庇护理论

Key words

urban green space / nature-based health services (NBHS) / multilevel linear modeling (MLM) / low-altitude economy / UAV perception / prospect-refuge theory

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基金资助

上海市科学技术委员会自然科学基金“基于视听交感融合的上海快速路沿线住区景观对居民心理健康的影响机制及其综合降噪方法”(24ZR1469800)

科技部国家重点研发计划“宜居城市环境品质提升关键技术研究与应用”(2023YFC3805300)