农业与医疗保健领域的理论模型及项目开发模式——避免研究中的随意性

Theoretical Models for Research and Program Development in Agriculture and Health Care: Avoiding Random Acts of Research

摘要

记录基于自然的治疗方式的疗效，是所有支持和鼓励这一领域发展的研究者所共同关注的议题。尽管该领域已有广泛的信息可供参考，但少有研究成果发表于临床和医学期刊上，而正是这些期刊为学术研究、项目规划与政策制定提供了基础依据，且其中少有严谨的高水平研究，而这正是制约基于自然的治疗方式在医疗保健科学领域获得认可的关键。此外，构建统一的职业体系面临以下困境：缺乏充分且适当的研究，该领域术语体系混乱，以及缺乏统一理论框架来指导治疗研究与实践。基于上述结论，本研究主要归纳了已提出的各类模型（文本或图表），并将其作为建立有效的人与自然互动理论的起点，从而指导未来园艺疗法（horticultural therapy, HT）、动物辅助疗法（animal-assisted therapy, AAT）及医疗农业项目的相关研究。基于本研究所讨论的HT相关实践经验，提出未来的行动建议。

Abstract

The need to document the efficacy of nature-based therapeutic modalities is of concern to all who support and encourage this field of endeavour. While a relatively large body of information is available very few of the articles are published in clinical and medical journals that provide the underlying basis for academic, programmatic and policy decisions, and little of it is based on the high level of rigorous research needed to gain respect as a contributing part of health-care science. In addition, the difficulties in forming a coherent profession go beyond the lack of adequate and appropriate research to the core problem of uniform terminology in the field and coherent theoretical framework to guide the research and implementation of treatment. With that conclusion in mind, the majority of this paper will look at models (either as text or diagrams) that have been put forth, as a starting point for establishing effective theories of human−nature interaction in a therapeutic or treatment setting to guide future research in horticultural therapy (HT), animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and Agriculture in Healthcare programs. Based on the experiences discussed relevant to HT, recommendations for future action are given.

关键词

农业 / 医疗保健 / 园艺疗法 / 项目开发 / 理论模型

Key words

agriculture / health care / horticultural therapy / program development / theoretical models

参考文献

[1] Raupp C . The “Furry Ceiling:” Clinical Psychology and Human-Animal Studies[J]. Society & Animals, 2002, 10(4): 353-360.

[2] Fine A H . Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice[M]. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.

[3] Frumkin H . White Coats, Green Plants: Clinical Epidemiology Meets Horticulture[C]//Relf D, Kwack B H. Proceedings of the XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Expanding Roles for Horticulture in Improving Human Well-Being and Life Quality. Leuven: ISHS, 2004: 89-96.

[4] Frumkin H. Beyond Toxicity: Human Health and the Natural Environment[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2001, 20(3): 234-240.

[5] Delta Society . Health Benefits of Animals[EB/OL]. [2005-02-23]. https://petpartners.org/tag/delta-society/.

[6] Relf D . Human Issues in Horticulture[J]. HortTechnology, 1992, 2(2): 159-171.

[7] Lohr V I, Relf P D . An Overview of the Current State of Human Issues in Horticulture in the United States[J]. HortTechnology, 2000, 10(1): 27-33.

[8] Relf P D, Lohr V I . Human Issues in Horticulture[J]. HortScience, 2003, 38(5): 984-993.

[9] Relf P D . Unpublished Report[R]. Blacksburg: Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech University, 2005.

[10] Relf P D, Shoemaker C A, Matsuo E . The Evolution of the People-Plant Council: An Assessment of the First Twelve Years[C]//Relf D, Kwack B H. Proceedings of the XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Expanding Roles for Horticulture in Improving Human Well-Being and Life Quality. Leuven: ISHS, 2004: 89-96.

[11] Plants at Work[EB/OL]. [2005-02-27]. http://www.plantsatwork.org/.

[12] Plants for People. Homepage Plants for People[EB/OL]. [2005-02-27]. https://www.plants-for-people.org/.

[13] Relf D, Dorn S . Horticulture: Meeting the Needs of Special Populations[J]. HortTechnology, 1995, 5(2): 94-103.

[14] Sempik J, Aldridge J, Becker S . Social and Therapeutic Horticulture: Evidence and Messages from Research[R]. Reading: Thrive with the Centre for Child and Family Research, Loughborough University, 2003.

[15] Shoemaker C A, Relf P D, Lohr V I . Social Science Methodologies for Studying Individuals' Responses in Human Issues in Horticulture Research[J]. HortTechnology, 2000, 10(1): 87-93.

[16] Zampini J W . Down to Earth Benefits of People-Plant Interactions in Our Community[J]. HortTechnology, 1992, 2(2): 177-179.

[17] Relf D, Dorn S . Horticulture: Meeting the Needs of Special Populations[J]. HortTechnology, 1995, 5(2): 94-103.

[18] Lohr V I, Relf P D . An Overview of the Current State of Human Issues in Horticulture in the United States[J]. HortTechnology, 2000, 10(1): 27-33.

[19] Matsuo E, Relf P D . Horticulture in Human Life, Culture, and Environment[C/OL]. 24th International Horticultural Congress, 1995. https://www.pubhort.org/actahort/books/391/index.htm.

[20] Relf D, Kwack B H . Proceedings of the XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Expanding Roles for Horticulture in Improving Human Well-Being and Life Quality, Toronto, Canada, August 11-17, 2002[C]. Leuven: ISHS, 2004.

[21] American Horticultural Therapy Association (AHTA) . Frequently Asked Questions[EB/OL]. [2005-02-27]. https://www.ahta.org/.

[22] Sackett D L, Rosenberg W M C, Gray J A M, et al. Evidence Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn’t[J]. Bmj, 1996, 312(7023): 71-72.

[23] McColl M A, Law M C, Stewart D . Theoretical Basis of Occupational Therapy[M]. Thorofare: SLACK, 1993.

[24] McColl M A, Law M C, Doubt L . The Theoretical Basis of Occupational Therapy[M]. 2nd ed. Thorofare: Slack, 2002.

[25] Kaplan N M, Palmer B F, Coyle Y M . Developing Theoretical Constructs for Outcomes Research[J]. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 2000, 319(4): 245-249.

[26] Kellert S R, Wilson E O . The Biophilia Hypothesis[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.

[27] Kaplan R, Kaplan S . The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

[28] Ulrich R S . Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment[M]//Altman I, Wohlwill J F. Behavior and the Natural Environment. Boston, MA: Plenum, 1983: 85-125.

[29] Hefley P D . Horticulture: A Therapeutic Tool[J]. Journal of Rehabilitation, 1973, 39(1): 27-29.

[30] Takaesu Y . Unpublished Lecture Notes from HT Workshop at Virginia Tech University Taught by Relf, Izumi Hospital, Okinawa, Japan[Z]. 1998.

[31] Relf D . Dynamics of Horticultural Therapy[J]. Rehabilitation Literature, 1981, 42(5/6): 147-150.

[32] Lewis C A, Sturgill S . Comment: Healing in the Urban Environment a Person/Plant Viewpoint[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1979, 45(3): 330-338.

[33] Stamm I, Barber A . The Nature and Change in Horticultural Therapy[C]// 6th Annual Conference, NCTRH. Topeka, 1978.

[34] Kaplan S. Cognitive Maps in Perception and Thought[C]// Downs R M, Stea D. Image and Environment. Chicago: Aldine, 1973: 63-78.

[35] Kaplan R. Some Psychological Benefits of Gardening[J]. Environment and Behavior, 1973, 5(2): 145-162.

[36] Kaplan R. Preference and Everyday Nature: Method and Application[M]//Stokols D. Perspectives on Environment and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Applications. Boston, MA: Springer, 1977: 235-250.

[37] Iltis H H . Nature and Man, Needs[R]. New Horizons from the Horticultural Research Institute, 1974.

[38] Matsuo E. Horticulture Helps Us to Live as Human Beings: Providing Balance and Harmony in Our Behavior and Thought and Life Worth Living[C]// Matsuo E, Relf P D. Horticulture in Human Life, Culture, and Environment: International Symposium 22 August 1994: 24th International Horticultural Congress. Leuven: ISHS, 1995: 19-29.

[39] Relf P D . The Therapeutic Values of Plants[J]. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 2005, 8(3): 235-237.

[40] Asano-Miyake F. Linking People with Nature by Universal Design[C]// Shoemaker C A. Interaction by Design: Bringing People and Plants Together for Health and Well-Being. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 2002: 53-62.

[41] Relf P D . The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Quality of Life[J]. Journal of the Japanese Society for People-Plant Relationships, 2001, 1(1): 2-5.

[42] Relf P D . The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Quality of Life[J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 1999, 10: 10-14.

[43] Shoemaker C A, Lin M C . A Model for Healthy Aging with Horticulture: Seminar Lecture[R]. Blacksburg: Department of Horticulture, Virginia Technical University, 2004.

[44] Austin D R . Reformulation of the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model[J]. American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 2011, 10(3): 19-26.

[45] Lawton M P, Nahemow L. Ecology and the Aging Process[M]// Eisdorfer C, Lawton M P . The Psychology of Adult Development and Aging. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1973: 619-674.

[46] Gigliotti C M, Jarrott S E, Relf P D . Horticulture Therapy for Persons with Dementia: Utilizing an Environmental Press Perspective to Integrate Theory and Research[J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 2003: 8-17.