玛北页岩油储层压裂地质特征及裂缝扩展规律研究——以C2~C4层为例

Hydraulic Fracturing Geological Characteristics and Fracture Propagation Laws of Mabei Shale Oil：A Case Study of C2-C4 Layers

摘要

玛北风城组深层页岩油储层地质条件复杂, 压裂改造面临高地应力、强非均质性与密集纹层结构等多重挑战。以C2~C4层为对象, 系统研究了玛北风城组矿物组成、纹层结构、岩石力学特性及地应力分布, 揭示其对水力裂缝起裂、扩展与支撑剂运移的控制机制。研究结果表明, 储层以高脆性矿物为主, 石英与碳酸盐岩含量超70%, 但矿物在厘米-毫米尺度变化剧烈, 形成密集刚-脆性纹层与岩性夹层, 增强了岩石力学各向异性与界面强度。地应力整体处于高位, 水平最小主应力达80 MPa以上, 水平应力差仅7.0~9.8 MPa, 理论上利于缝网复杂化, 但受高应力和纹层界面双重压制, 裂缝纵向扩展呈阶梯式受限, 缝高普遍小于20 m, 难以实现多层系立体动用。人工裂缝与天然裂缝有低角度交角时可诱导分支缝形成, 提升缝网复杂度, 高角度交角则以滤失为主。 “复合层效应”下人工裂缝穿层有效性差, 裂缝偏折处宽度衰减超60%, 仅当缝宽大于粒径2.7倍时支撑剂可通过, 常规粒径支撑剂难以进入次级裂缝。研究揭示了玛北风城组“复合层效应”对水力裂缝扩展与支撑剂运移的控制机理, 为深层复杂页岩油储层的体积压裂参数优化与缝网调控提供了理论依据, 对玛北地区页岩油的高效开发具有直接的技术支撑作用。

Abstract

The deep shale oil reservoir of the Fengcheng Formation in Mabei area features complex geological conditions and its fracturing stimulation is faced with multiple challenges, including high in-situ stress, strong heterogeneity, and densely laminated rock texture. Taking the C2-C4 layers as the research object, this study systematically investigates the mineral composition, laminar tex-ture, rock mechanical properties, and in-situ stress distribution of the reservoir to reveal their control mechanisms on hydraulic frac-ture initiation and propagation, as well as proppant transport. The results indicate that the reservoir is predominantly composed of high-brittle-ness minerals, with the combined content of quartz and carbonate rocks exceeding 70%. However, the mineral composition varies dramatically at the centimeter to millimeter scale, forming dense rigid-brittle laminae and lithological interlayers which significantly enhance mechanical anisotropy and interface strength of rocks. The overall in-situ stress is high, with the minimum horizontal principal stress exceeding 80 MPa, while the horizontal stress difference is only 7.0-9.8 MPa. Theoretically, this low stress difference favors the formation of complex fracture net-works. Yet, due to the dual effects of high stress magnitudes and laminar interfaces, vertical fracture propagation suffers from step-like restric-tions, with fracture heights generally less than 20 m, and thus, it is difficult to achieve thorough stimulation of multiple layers. Natural fractures intersecting hydraulic fractures at small intersection angles may induce branch fractures to increase fracture network complexity；at high inter-section angles, they primarily act as conduits for fluid filtration loss. Under the “composite layer effect, ” the effectiveness of layer penetration of hydraulic fractures is low, with width reduction at points of fracture deflection exceeding 60%. Proppant can only pass through fractures with widths 2.7 times larger than proppant particle sizes, and accordingly, proppants of conventional sizes are found hard to enter secondary fractures. This study reveals the control mechanism of the “composite layer effect” on hydraulic fracture propagation and proppant transport in the Mabei Fengcheng Formation, provides a theoretical basis for volume fracturing parameter optimization and fracture network regulation in deep complex shale oil reservoirs, and offers direct technical support for the efficient development of shale oil in Mabei area.

关键词

玛北页岩油 / 压裂 / 地质特征 / 裂缝扩展 / 复合层效应

Key words

Mabei shale oil / fracturing / geological characteristics / fracture propagation / composite layer effect

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基金资助

国家科技重大专项“混积型页岩油优快钻完井与差异化压裂技术集成示范”(2025ZD1405002)