压裂全过程分析方法研究进展

Progress on Analysis Methods for the Whole Process of Fracturing

摘要

针对非常规油气储层低孔低渗、天然裂缝发育等特征, 系统梳理了水力压裂技术的理论与应用进展, 主要围绕四个核心领域展开论述。首先, 回顾了压前水力压裂数值模拟方法的发展历程, 探讨了直井裂缝穿层与水平井多簇均衡扩展的主控机制；其次, 分析了压中压裂施工曲线特征及砂堵形成机理, 重点介绍了基于人工智能的实时智能预警技术；第三, 总结了基于停泵压降分析（G函数）、微地震及动态生产数据的压裂改造体积（SRV）估算与压后效果评估方法；最后, 对比了传统经验递减模型与现代数值模拟、机器学习在复杂缝网油气井产量预测中的应用优势。研究旨在为探究复杂储层压裂机理、优化施工设计以及提升非常规油气开发效益提供理论基础与参考, 并指出了多场耦合精细模拟、智能预警工程适应性以及动态SRV精准表征等未来发展方向。

Abstract

Given the characteristics of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, such as low porosity, low permeability, and well-developed natural fractures, this study systematically reviews the theoretical and application progress of the hydraulic fracturing technology. The full text revolves four core domains：First, it reviews the development history of hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation methods and explores the control mechanisms of cross-layer behaviors of fractures in vertical wells and balanced multi-cluster propagation of fractures in horizontal wells. Second, it analyzes the characteristics of fracturing operation curves and the formation mechanisms of screen-out, while highlighting real-time intelligent early warning technologies based on artificial intelligence. Third, it summarizes the evaluation methods for stimulated reservoir volume （SRV） and post-fracturing effectiveness based on instantaneous shut-in pressure decline analysis （G-function）, micro-seismic data, and dynamic production data. Finally, it compares the application advantages of traditional empirical production decline models, modern numerical simulation, and machine learning in predicting production of oil and gas wells with complex fracture networks. This study intends to provide a solid theoretical foundation and reference for exploring fracturing mechanisms in complex reservoirs, optimizing operational designs, and improving the development efficiency of unconventional oil and gas. It also points out future development directions, including refined simulation of multi-field coupling, engineering adaptability of intelligent early warning, and precise dynamic characterization of SRV.

关键词

水力压裂 / 非常规储层 / 数值模拟 / 智能预警 / 压裂改造体积 / 产量预测

Key words

hydraulic fracturing / unconventional reservoir / numerical simulation / intelligent early warning / stimulated reservoir volume / production prediction

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金“段内多簇压裂射孔孔眼封堵控制机理研究”(52374057)

“天山英才”青年科技创新人才项目 “非常规油气集团压裂控制机理与智能优化研究”(2023TSYCCX0004)