带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统解的破裂

王嘉兴 ,  明森 ,  韩伟 ,  任翠

中北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (01) : 83 -90.

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中北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (01) : 83 -90. DOI: 10.62756/jnuc.issn.1673-3193.2023.04.0027
应用基础研究

带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统解的破裂

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Blow⁃Up of Solutions to Coupled System of Wave Equations with Power Memory Terms

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摘要

研究带阻尼项和非线性项的非线性波动方程解的破裂性态以及生命跨度, 可以解释生活中不同形式的摩擦现象和非线性外力对波传播过程的影响。本文研究了n维空间中带散射阻尼项和幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统的Cauchy问题。首先, 通过构造合适的乘子来克服散射阻尼项对波动方程的影响; 其次, 对幂次记忆项进行了放缩处理; 最后, 通过构造泛函, 利用检验函数方法, 以及构造迭代框架, 得出小初值问题的解会在有限时间内破裂的结论, 同时给出解的生命跨度的上界估计。本文将相关文献中带弱阻尼项的波动方程耦合系统推广为带散射阻尼项的波动方程耦合系统, 将带幂次记忆项的单个波动方程推广为带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统, 推广了相关文献中带阻尼项和非线性项的单个波动方程解的破裂结果, 并给出带阻尼项和非线性项的波动方程耦合系统解的生命跨度的上界估计。

Abstract

Studying the blow-up and lifespan estimate of the solution to nonlinear wave equations with damping term and nonlinear terms can explain the effects of different forms of friction phenomena and nonlinear external forces on wave propagation in daily life. This paper aims to investigate the Cauchy problem for coupled system of wave equations with scattering damping term and power memory terms in n space dimensions. Firstly, a suitable multiplier was constructed to overcome the influence of scattering damping term on wave equation. Secondly, the power memory terms were scaled down. Finally, by constructing functional, using test function method and constructing iterative framework, we obtained that the solutions of small initial value problem blow up in finite time, and the upper bound lifespan estimate of solutions was estimated. In this paper, the coupled system of wave equations with weak damping term in relevant literature was extended to the coupled system of wave equations with scattering damping term. In addition, the single wave equation with power memory term was extended to the coupled system of wave equations with power memory terms. It is generalized that the rupture results of single wave equation solutions with damping term and nonlinear terms in relevant literature. The upper bound lifespan estimation of solutions to coupled wave equation system with damping term and nonlinear terms was provided.

关键词

耦合波动方程 / 幂次记忆项 / 迭代方法 / 破裂 / 生命跨度估计

Key words

coupled wave equations / power memory terms / iteration method / blow-up / lifespan estimate

引用本文

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王嘉兴,明森,韩伟,任翠. 带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统解的破裂[J]. 中北大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 46(01): 83-90 DOI:10.62756/jnuc.issn.1673-3193.2023.04.0027

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0 引 言

非线性波动方程解的破裂与生命跨度的上界估计是偏微分方程研究的热点之一。Strauss1证明了波动方程utt-Δu=|u|p的解具有Strauss临界指数ps(n)。当n=1时, ps(1)=+; 当n2时, ps(n)是方程r(p,n)=-(n-1)p2+(n+1)p+2=0的正根。Glassey2研究了带导数非线性项的波动方程utt-Δu=|ut|p, 得出其解满足Glassey临界指数pG(n)=1+2/(n-1)。Lai等3研究了带散射阻尼项的波动方程utt-Δu+μ(1+t)-βut=|u|p, 其中β>1。通过引入乘子并利用迭代方法, 证明了次临界情形解的破裂结果。Lai等4还研究了带散射阻尼项和导数非线性项的波动方程utt-Δu+μ(1+t)-βut=|ut|p, 通过引入乘子建立了解的生命跨度的上界估计。Lai等5又利用迭代方法证明了带散射阻尼项和组合非线性项的波动方程utt-Δu+μ(1+t)-βut=|ut|p+|u|q不存在整体解, 并建立了解的生命跨度的上界估计。Chen6研究了带阻尼项和幂次非线性项的波动方程耦合系统utt-Δu+ut=|v|pvtt-Δv=|u|q, 利用迭代方法得出问题的解会在有限时间内破裂。Chen等7研究了带幂次记忆项的波动方程utt-Δu=Nγ,p(u), 其中Nγ,p(u)(t,x)=cγ0t(t-s)-γ|u(s,x)|pds, 利用迭代方法给出次临界情形解的破裂。其它相关的研究见文献[816]。关于带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统的Cauchy问题解的破裂及其生命跨度估计尚无研究结果。

本文利用迭代方法研究带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统的Cauchy问题(1)解的破裂性态。

utt-Δu+μ(1+t)-βut=cγ0t(t-s)-γv(s,x)pds, xRn, t>0,vtt-Δv=cγ0t(t-s)-γu(s,x)qds,xRn, t>0,u,ut,v,vt(0,x)=εu0,u1,v0,v1(x),xRn,

式中: n11<p,q<+μ>0β>1cγ=1/Γ(1-γ)(γ(0,1))Γ(s)=0+xs-1e-xdxs>0)为第二类欧拉积分, ε是描述初值大小的正参数。设u0,u1,v0,v1H1(Rn)×L2(Rn)×H1(Rn)×L2(Rn)是具有紧支集的非负函数, 并且 supp(u0,u1,v0,v1)BR(0), 其中BR(0)=x|x|RR>2

1 主要结论

首先给出耦合系统(1)弱解的定义。

定义 1u0,u1,v0,v1H1(Rn)×L2(Rn)×H1(Rn)×L2(Rn)(u,v)是耦合系统(1)在[0,T)×Rn中的弱解, 如果

uC([0,T),H1(Rn))C1([0,T),L2(Rn))Llocq([0,T)×Rn),
vC([0,T),H1(Rn))C1([0,T),L2(Rn))Llocp([0,T)×Rn),

并且满足

0tRn(-us(s,x)ϕs(s,x)+u(s,x)ϕ(s,x))dxds+
0tRnμ(1+s)-βus(s,x)ϕ(s,x)dxds+
Rnut(t,x)ϕ(t,x)dx-εRnu1(x)ϕ(0,x)dx=
cγ0tRnϕ(s,x)0s(s-τ)-γv(τ,x)pdτdxds,
0tRn(-vs(s,x)ψs(s,x)+v(s,x)ψ(s,x))dxds+
Rnvt(t,x)ψ(t,x)dx-εRnv1(x)ψ(0,x)dx=
cγ0tRnψ(s,x)0s(s-τ)-γu(τ,x)qdτdxds,

对于ϕ(t,x),ψ(t,x)C0([0,T)×Rn)

式(2)式(3)进行分部积分, 得到

0tRnu(s,x)(ϕss(s,x)-Δϕ(s,x)-
(μ(1+s)-βϕ(s,x))s)dxds+
Rn(ut(t,x)ϕ(t,x)+μ(1+t)-βu(t,x)ϕ(t,x)-
u(t,x)ϕt(t,x))dx-
εRn(u1(x)ϕ(0,x)+μu0(x)ϕ(0,x)-
u0(x)ϕt(0,x)dx=
cγ0tRnϕ(s,x)0s(s-τ)-γv(τ,x)pdτdxds,
0tRnv(s,x)(ψss(s,x)-Δψ(s,x))dxds+Rn(vt(t,x)ψ(t,x)-u(t,x)ψt(t,x))dx-εRn(v1(x)ψ(0,x)-v0(x)ψt(0,x))dx=cγ0tRnψ(s,x)0s(s-τ)-γu(τ,x)qdτdxds

tT(u,v)满足耦合系统(1)弱解的定义。

定理 1n=1,2时, p,q>1; 当n3时, 1<p,qn/(n-2)。则有

max(3-γ)(1+p-1)pq-1+2-γp,(3-γ)(1+q-1)pq-1+2-γq>n-12

(u,v)是耦合系统(1)的局部弱解。设

supp(u,v)(t,x)[0,T)×Rn|x|R+t,

并且存在正常数ε0=ε0(u0u1v0v1npqRγ), 使得解(u,v)会在有限时间内破裂, 并且解的生命跨度的上界估计满足

T(ε)Cε-1/maxF1(n,p,q,γ),F2(n,p,q,γ),

其中, ε(0,ε0]C是不依赖于ε的正常数,

F1(n,p,q,γ)=(3-γ)(1+p-1)pq-1+2-γp,
F2(n,p,q,γ)=(3-γ)(1+q-1)pq-1+2-γq

2 定理1的证明

引入下列函数

U(t)=Rnu(t,x)dx,V(t)=Rnv(t,x)dx

式(2)式和式(3)中的检验函数ϕψ分别为 ϕ1ψ1, 可以得到

Rnut(t,x)dx-εRnu1(x)dx+0tRnμ(1+s)-βus(s,x)dxds=cγ0tRn0s(s-τ)-γv(τ,x)pdτdxds,
Rnvt(t,x)dx-εRnv1(x)dx=cγ0tRn0s(s-τ)-γu(τ,x)qdτdxds

引入乘子

m(t)=expμ(1+t)1-β1+β

β>1t0时, 可得

0<m(0)m(t)1

式(10)两边对t求导, 得到

U(t)+μ(1+t)-βU'(t)=cγRn0t(t-s)-γv(s,x)pdxds

两边同乘m(t), 则有

m(t)U'(t)'=cγm(t)Rn0t(t-s)-γv(s,x)pdxds

计算得到

m(t)U'(t)=m(0)U'(0)+cγ0tm(s)Rn0s(s-τ)-γv(τ,x)pdτdxds,
U'(t)=m(0)U'(0)m(t)+cγm(t)0tm(s)Rn0s(s-τ)-γv(τ,x)pdτdxds

由于m(t)1, 所以

U'(t)m(0)U'(0)+cγm(0)0tRn0s(s-τ)-γv(τ,x)pdτdxds

计算可得

U(t)U(0)+m(0)U'(0)t+
cγm(0)0t0sRn0τ(τ-σ)-γv(σ,x)pdσdxdτds,
V(t)=V(0)+V'(0)t+
cγ0t0sRn0τ(τ-σ)-γu(σ,x)qdσdxdτds

由于初值u0u1v0v1均非负, 可以得出

U(t)cγm(0)0t0sRn0τ(τ-σ)-γv(σ,x)pdσdxdτds,
V(t)cγ0t0sRn0τ(τ-σ)-γu(σ,x)qdσdxdτds

利用Holder不等式, 则有

Rnv(σ,x)pdxC0(R+σ)-n(p-1)(V(σ))p,
Rnu(σ,x)qdxC˜0(R+σ)-n(q-1)(U(σ))q,

其中, C0=C0(n,R,p)C˜0=C˜0(n,R,q)

式(14)式(15)分别代入式(12)式(13)可得

U(t)C0cγm(0)·0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γ(R+σ)-n(p-1)(V(σ))pdσdτds,
V(t)C˜0cγ0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γ(R+σ)-n(q-1)(U(σ))qdσdτds

引入拉普拉斯算子的特征函数Φ=Φ(x), 即

Φ(x)=ex+e-x,n=1,Sn-1exωdσω,n2

其中, Sn-1n-1维球面, 并且满足ΔΦ=Φ, 且有

Φ(x)x-(n-1)/2e|x|(|x|+)

定义检验函数

Ψ(t,x)=e-tΦ(x),

从而Ψ满足波动方程Ψtt-ΔΨ=0。定义函数

U1(t)=Rnu(t,x)Ψ(t,x)dx,
V1(t)=Rnv(t,x)Ψ(t,x)dx

存在C1=C1(u0,u1)>0C˜1=C˜1(v0,v1)>0, 对t0, 则有

U1(t)1-e-2t2Rnu0(x)Φ(x)dx+1+e-2t2Rnu1(x)Φ(x)dxC1ε,
V1(t)1-e-2t2Rnv0(x)Φ(x)dx+1+e-2t2Rnv1(x)Φ(x)dxC˜1ε

可得

xR+tΨ(t,x)p/(p-1)dxC2(R+t)(n-1)(2-q)/2,
xR+tΨ(t,x)q/(q-1)dxC2(R+t)(n-1)(2-p)/2

其中, 1/p+1/q=1C2=C2(n,R)>0。利用Holder不等式, 得到

Rnu(t,x)qdx(U1(t))qxR+tΨ(t,x)q/(q-1)dx-(q-1)C3εq(R+t)n-1-(n-1)q/2,
Rnv(t,x)pdx(V1(t))pxR+tΨ(t,x)p/(p-1)dx-(p-1)C˜3εp(R+t)n-1-(n-1)p/2,

其中, C3=C1qC21-q>0C˜3=C˜1pC21-p>0

式(18)式(19)分别代入式(13)式(12), 得到

U(t)C˜3m(0)εpcγ0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γ(R+σ)n-1-(n-1)p/2dσdτds
C˜3m(0)εpcγ(R+t)-(n-1)p/20t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γσn-1dσdτds
C˜3m(0)εpcγ(R+t)-(n-1)p/2t-γ0t0s0τσn-1dσdτds
C˜3m(0)εpcγn(n+1)(n+2)(R+t)-(n-1)p/2tn-γ+2,
V(t)C3εqcγ0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γ(R+σ)n-1-(n-1)q/2dσdτds
C3εqcγ(R+t)-(n-1)q/20t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γσn-1dσdτds
C3εqcγ(R+t)-(n-1)q/2t-γ0t0s0τσn-1dσdτds
C3εqcγn(n+1)(n+2)(R+t)-(n-1)q/2tn-γ+2

t0, 假设

U(t)D1(R+t)-α1tβ1,
V(t)Q1(R+t)-a1tb1,

其中

D1=C˜3m(0)εpcγn(n+1)(n+2),Q1=C3εqcγn(n+1)(n+2),
α1=(n-1)p/2,a1=(n-1)q/2,
β1=n-γ+2b1=n-γ+2

U(t)Dj(R+t)-αjtβj,
V(t)Qj(R+t)-ajtbj,

其中, Djj1Qjj1αjj1βjj1ajj1bjj1是非负实数序列。将式(27)式(28)分别代入式(17)式(16), 可得

U(t)QjpC0m(0)cγ0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γ(R+σ)-n(p-1)-pajσpbjdσdτds
QjpC0m(0)cγ(R+t)-n(p-1)-paj0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γσpbjdσdτds
QjpC0m(0)cγ(R+t)-n(p-1)-pajt-γ0t0s0τσpbjdσdτds
QjpC0m(0)cγ(pbj+1)(pbj+2)(pbj+3)(R+t)-n(p-1)-pajtpbj+3-γ,
V(t)DjqC˜0cγ0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γ(R+σ)-n(q-1)-qαjσqβjdσdτds
DjqC˜0cγ(R+t)-n(q-1)-qαj0t0s0τ(τ-σ)-γσqβjdσdτds
DjqC˜0cγ(R+t)-n(q-1)-qαjt-γ0t0s0τσqβjdσdτds
DjqC˜0cγ(qβj+1)(qβj+2)(qβj+3)(R+t)-n(q-1)-qαjtqβj+3-γ

从而

Dj+1=QjpC0m(0)cγ(pbj+1)(pbj+2)(pbj+3),
Qj+1=DjqC˜0cγ(qβj+1)(qβj+2)(qβj+3),
αj+1=n(p-1)+paj,
aj+1=n(q-1)+qαj,
βj+1=pbj+3-γ
bj+1=qβj+3-γ

利用式(22)式(23), 可以得到

αj=n(p-1)+paj-1=n(pq-1)+pqαj-2=n(pq-1)k=0(j-3)/2(pq)k+(pq)(j-1)/2α1=(n+α1)(pq)(j-1)/2-n=(n+(n-1)p/2)(pq)(j-1)/2-n,
βj=pbj-1+3-γ=(3-γ)(p+1)+pqβj-2=(3-γ)(p+1)k=0(j-3)/2(pq)k+(pq)(j-1)/2β1=(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1+β1(pq)(j-1)/2-(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1=(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1+n-γ+2(pq)(j-1)/2-(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1

同理可得

aj=(n+a1)(pq)(j-1)/2-n=(n+(n-1)q/2)(pq)(j-1)/2-n
bj=(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1+b1(pq)(j-1)/2-(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1=(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1+n-γ+2(pq)(j-1)/2-(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1,

其中, 奇数j3。当j是偶数, 则j-1是奇数, 利用式(32)式(34), 可知

βj=pbj-1+3-γ=q-1(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1+n-γ+2(pq)j/2-(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1,
bj=qβj-1+3-γ=p-1(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1+n-γ+2(pq)j/2-(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1

计算得到

βjB0(pq)(j-1)/2bjB˜0(pq)(j-1)/2, (j是奇数),
βjB0(pq)j/2bjB˜0(pq)j/2, (j是偶数),

其中, B0=B0(p,q,n,γ)B˜0=B˜0(p,q,n,γ)是不依赖于j的正常数。可知

(pbj-1+1)(pbj-1+2)(pbj-1+3)(pbj-1+2)3=(βj+γ-1)3βj3=B03(pq)3j/2,
(qβj-1+1)(qβj-1+2)(qβj-1+3)(qβj-1+2)3=(bj+γ-1)3bj3=B˜03(pq)3j/2

从而

Dj=Qj-1pC0m(0)cγ(pbj-1+1)(pbj-1+2)(pbj-1+3)Qj-1pC0m(0)cγB03(pq)-3j/2,
Qj=Dj-1qC˜0cγ(qβj-1+1)(qβj-1+2)(qβj-1+3)Dj-1qC˜0cγB˜03(pq)-3j/2

计算可得

Djm(0)C˜0pC0cγp+1B˜03pB03(pq)-3j(p+1)/2+3p/2Dj-2pq=E0(pq)-3j(p+1)/2Dj-2pq,
Qjm(0)qC0qC˜0cγq+1B03qB˜03(pq)-3j(q+1)/2+3q/2Qj-2pq=E˜0(pq)-3j(q+1)/2Qj-2pq,

其中, E0E˜0是不依赖于j的正常数。得到

logDj(pq)logDj-2-3(p+1)2jlog(pq)+logE0(pq)(j-1)/2logD1-3(p+1)2log(pq)k=0(j-3)/2((j-2k)(pq)k)+logE0k=0(j-3)/2(pq)k,

其中, j为奇数, 满足j3。计算可得

k=0(j-3)/2((j-2k)(pq)k)=2+(3pq-1)(pq-1)2(pq)(j-1)/2-2pq+j(pq-1)(pq-1)2

因此, 有

logDj (pq)(j-1)/2logD1-3(p+1)(3pq-1)log(pq)2(pq-1)2+logE0pq-1+
3(p+1)(2pq+j(pq-1))log(pq)2(pq-1)2-logE0pq-1

同理可知

logQj(pq)(j-1)/2logQ1-3(q+1)(3pq-1)log(pq)2(pq-1)2+logE˜0pq-1+3(q+1)(2pq+j(pq-1))log(pq)2(pq-1)2-logE˜0pq-1

因此, 对于所有奇数j, 当

jj0=23log(pq)maxlogE0p+1,logE˜0q+1-2pqpq-1,

则有

logDj(pq)(j-1)/2log(D1(pq)-3(p+1)(3pq-1)/2(pq-1)2E01/(pq-1))=(pq)(j-1)/2log(E1εp),
logQj(pq)(j-1)/2log(Q1(pq)-3(q+1)(3pq-1)/2(pq-1)2E˜01/(pq-1))=(pq)(j-1)/2log(E˜1εq),

其中, E1E˜1是不依赖于j的正常数。对于任意奇数jj0, 结合式(27)式(31)式(32)式(37), 可以推出

U(t)exp((pq)(j-1)/2log(E1εp))(R+t)-αjtβjexp((pq)(j-1)/2(log(E1εp)-(n-1)p2+nlog(R+t)+(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1+n-γ+2)logt)(R+t)nt-(3-γ)(p+1)/(pq-1)

结合式(28)式(33)式(34)式(38), 可得

V(t)exp((pq)(j-1)/2log(E˜1εq))(R+t)-ajtbjexp((pq)(j-1)/2(log(E˜1εq)-(n-1)q2+nlog(R+t)+(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1+n-γ+2)logt)(R+t)nt-(3-γ)(q+1)/(pq-1)

tR时, 则有log(R+t)log(2t)。可知

U(t)exp((pq)(j-1)/2log(E1εp2-(n-1)p/2-nt-(n-1)p/2+(3-γ)(p+1)/(pq-1)+2-γ))(R+t)nt-(3-γ)(p+1)/(pq-1),
V(t)exp((pq)(j-1)/2log(E˜1εq2-(n-1)q/2-nt-(n-1)q/2+(3-γ)(q+1)/(pq-1)+2-γ))(R+t)nt-(3-γ)(q+1)/(pq-1)

由于

-(n-1)p2+(3-γ)(p+1)pq-1+2-γ=p(3-γ)(p-1+1)pq-1+2-γp-n-12=pF1(n,p,q,γ),
-(n-1)q2+(3-γ)(q+1)pq-1+2-γ=q(3-γ)(q-1+1)pq-1+2-γq-n-12=qF2(n,p,q,γ)

根据假设条件(6), 当F1(n,p,q,γ)>0F2(n,p,q,γ)>0时, 引入ε0=ε0(u0u1v0v1npqR,γ)>0, 则有

(E1-12(n-1)p/2+n)1/(pF1(n,p,q,γ))=E2ε01/F1(n,p,q,γ),
(E˜1-12(n-1)q/2+n)1/(qF2(n,p,q,γ))=E˜2ε01/F2(n,p,q,γ)

因此, 当ε(0,ε0]t>E2ε0-1/F1(n,p,q,γ)t>E˜2ε0-1/F2(n,p,q,γ)时, 在式(39)式(40)中令j趋于+, 可知解的生命跨度满足

T(ε)Cε-1/maxF1(n,p,q,γ),F2(n,p,q,γ)

证毕。

3 结 论

本文研究了带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统的Cauchy问题。本文将文献[6]中研究的带阻尼项的波动方程耦合系统推广为带散射阻尼项的波动方程耦合系统, 将文献[7]中研究的带幂次记忆项的单个波动方程推广为带幂次记忆项的波动方程耦合系统。通过构造合适的乘子克服了散射阻尼的影响。利用检验函数方法和迭代方法证明了问题的解会在有限时间内破裂, 进而给出解的生命跨度的上界估计。

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基金资助

山西省基础研究计划资助项目(20210302123045)

山西省基础研究计划资助项目(20210302123021)

山西省基础研究计划资助项目(20210302123182)

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