Patients often experience certain side effects when receiving interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunotherapy, which not only affect the treatment effect, but also pose a serious threat to the patient’s life. In order to investigate the effect of IL-2 on the immune system’s killing of tumor cells, a tumor-immune dynamic model containing the cytokine IL-2 was established. We calculated the tumor-free equilibrium point and basic reproduction number of the model, and numerically characterized the dynamic behavior of the model. The results of numerical simulation show that IL-2-induced proliferation and differentiation of CD8+T cells is the main reason for the immune system to kill tumor cells more effectively. The increase in the proliferation rate of CD8+T cells induced by IL-2 can promote the faster function of immune cells but also increase the probability of tumor recurrence. The presence of too much IL-2 can promote tumor growth. The extensive numerical simulation also demonstrates that there is an optimal dose of IL-2 injection in administering IL-2 immunotherapy to cancer patients. However, the types of tumor cells are diverse and complex, and selecting different parameters for simulation based on different tumor cells will lead to more practical conclusions.
SUNGH, FERLAYJ, SIEGELR L, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2021, 71: 209-249.
[2]
HALKOLAA S, PARVINENK, KASANENH. Modelling of killer T-cell and cancer cell subpopulation dynamics under immuno-and chemotherapies[J]. Journal of Theoretical biology, 2020, 488: 110136.
[3]
NAKAYAMAK, ORIHATAK, YAMAGUCHIK. Surgical treatment combined with preoperative concentrated irradiation for esophageal cancer[J]. Cancer, 2015, 20: 778-788.
[4]
YUD, HUW, CHENL, et al. Effect of radiotherapy interruption due to COVID-19 outbreak[J]. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2020, 155: 1-2.
[5]
KANAVOSP. The rising burden of cancer in the developing world[J]. Annals of Oncology, 2006, 17: 15-23.
[6]
ALLEN-VERCOEE, COBURNB. A microbiota-derived metabolite augments cancer immunotherapy responses in mice[J]. Cancer Cell, 2020, 38: 452-453.
[7]
KIRSCHNERD, PANETTAJ C. Modeling immunotherapy of the tumor-immune interaction[J]. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 1998, 37: 235-252.
[8]
SMITHF O, DOWNEYS G, KLAPPERJ A, et al. Treatment of metastatic melanoma using interleukin-2 alone or in conjunction with vaccines[J]. Clinical Cancer Research, 2008, 14(17): 5610-5618.
[9]
YANGJ C, SHERRYR M, STEINBERGS M, et al. Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer[J]. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2003, 21(16): 3127-3132.
[10]
CHOH, WANGZ P, LEVYD. Study of dose-dependent combination immunotherapy using engineered T cells and IL-2 in cervical cancer[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2020, 505: 110403.
[11]
MESSERSCHMIDTJ L, PRENDERGASTG C, MESSERSCHMIDTG L. How cancers escape immune destruction and mechanisms of action for the new significantly active immune therapies: Helping nonimmunologists decipher recent advances[J]. The Oncologist, 2016, 21(2): 233-243.
[12]
GUILLEREYC, HUNTINGTONN D, SMYTHM J. Targeting natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy[J]. Nature Immunology, 2016, 17(9): 1025-1036.
[13]
DE PILLISL G, FISTERK R, GUW, et al. Optimal control of mixed immunotherapy and chemotherapy of tumors[J]. Journal of Biological Systems, 2008, 16(1): 51-80.
[14]
DE PILLISL G, RADUNSKAYAA E, WISEMANC L. A validated mathematical model of cell-mediated immune response to tumor growth[J]. Cancer Research, 2005, 65: 7950-7958.
[15]
VAN DEN DRIESSCHEP, WATMOUGHJ. Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission[J]. Mathematical Biosciences, 2002, 180(1-2): 29-48.
[16]
WANGW D, ZHAOX Q. Threshold dynamics for compartmental epidemic models in periodic environments[J]. Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations, 2008, 20(3): 699-717.