The Gierer-Meinhardt system is a typical class of reaction-diffusion systems that have been extensively studied in the field of biological pattern formation due to its excellent dynamical characteristics. Currently, the majority of domestical and international research, on the spatiotemporal evolution of this system is limited to the instability and Turing patterns driven by self-diffusion, while there are very little research on the instability driven by cross-diffusion. This paper proposed a class of Gierer-Meinhardt reaction-diffusion system with cross-diffusion terms. By utilizing characteristic polynomial eigenvalue analysis and stability theorems, a linear stability analysis of the unique positive equilibrium point of the Gierer-Meinhardt system was carried out. The necessary conditions for the occurrence of Turing instability of the Gierer-Meinhardt system were identified. The cross-diffusion coefficient was selected as the bifurcation parameter, which further revealed the influence mechanism of cross-diffusion on Turing instability of the Gierer-Meinhardt system. In addition, through the numerical simulations, this paper explored the response mechanism of cross-diffusion for the evolution of Turing patterns of the Gierer-Meinhardt system. It is found that when the system driven by self-diffusion is stable, cross-diffusion can induce Turing instability in the Gierer-Meinhardt system and generate unevenly structured Turing patterns. When the system driven by self-diffusion is unstable, cross-diffusion can not only achieve the transformation of Gierer-Meinhardt system pattern structures but also change the evolution speed of patterns. Specifically, the further the cross-diffusion coefficient is from the bifurcation threshold necessary to induce Turing instability, the larger the proportion of point-like patterns in the spatial structure of the system’s Turing patterns, and the faster the rate of evolution. Therefore, cross-diffusion plays a crucial role in the generation, transformation, and evolution speed of patterns in the Gierer-Meinhardt system.
ZHAOYanyang, LIYu, TIANZhonglin, et al. Simulation study on hydrogen release performance of magnesium drug column under humid air environment[J]. Journal of North University of China (Natural Science Edition), 2023, 44(3): 292-298. (in Chinese)
WANGFei, TanghongLÜ, ZHOULinhua. Hopf bifurcation of two time delays predator-prey system with Michaelis-Menten harvesting term[J]. Journal of North University of China (Natural Science Edition),2022, 43(1): 25-34. (in Chinese)
WANGMeiyan, XUYakui. Analysis of SEIAQRS epidemic model effected by media coverage[J]. Journal of North University of China (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 45(1): 74-82. (in Chinese)
NINGPengjing, JINZhen, WANGLiping. Dynamic analyses of a kind of tuberculosis transmission model[J]. Journal of North University of China(Natural Science Edition), 2023, 44(4): 340-345. (in Chinese)
[9]
TURINGA M. The chemical basis of morphogenesis[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1952, 237(641): 37-72.
[10]
GIERERA, MEINHARDTH. A Theory of biological pattern formation[J]. Kybernetik, 1972, 12(1): 30-39.
[11]
CASTETSV, DULOSE, BOISSONADEJ, et al. Experimental evidence of a sustained standing Turing-type nonequilibrium chemical pattern[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1990, 64(24): 2953-2956.
[12]
WANGJ, HOUX, JINGZ. Stripe and spot patterns in a gierer-meinhardt activator-inhibitor model with different sources[J]. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2015, 25(8): 1550108.
[13]
SONGY, YANGR, SUNG. Pattern dynamics in a gierer-meinhardt model with a saturating term[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2017, 46: 476-491.
[14]
LIY, WANGJ, HOUX. Stripe and spot patterns for the gierer-meinhardt model with saturated activator production[J]. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 2017, 449(2): 1863-1879.
[15]
LIY, WANGJ, HOUX. Stripe and spot patterns for general gierer-meinhardt model with common sources[J]. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2017, 27(2): 1750018.
[16]
CHENM, WUR, CHENL. Pattern dynamics in a diffusive gierer-meinhardt model[J]. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2020, 30(12): 2030035.
[17]
WANGJ, LIY, ZHONGS, et al. Analysis of bifurcation, chaos and pattern formation in a discrete time and space gierer meinhardt system[J]. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2019, 118: 1-17.
[18]
YANX P, DINGY J, ZHANGC H. Dynamics analysis in a gierer-meinhardt reaction-diffusion model with homogeneous neumann boundary condition[J]. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2019, 29(9): 1930025.
[19]
YANGR, SONGY. Spatial resonance and turing-hopf bifurcations in the gierer-meinhardt model[J]. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 2016, 31: 356-387.
[20]
LIUJ, YIF, WEIJ. Multiple bifurcation analysis and spatiotemporal patterns in a 1-D gierer-meinhardt model of morphogenesis[J]. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2010, 20(4): 1007-1025.
[21]
VANAGV K, EPSTEINI R. Cross-diffusion and pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2009, 11(6): 897-912.
[22]
MADZVAMUSEA, NDAKWOH S, BARREIRAR. Cross-diffusion-driven instability for reaction-diffusion systems: Analysis and simulations[J]. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2015, 70(4): 709-743.
[23]
LIG, YAOY. Two-species competition model with chemotaxis: Well-posedness, stability and dynamics[J]. Nonlinearity, 2022, 35(3): 1329-1359.
[24]
LIUB, RENG. Global existence and asymptotic behavior in a three-dimensional two-species chemotaxis-stokes system with tensor-valued sensitivity[J]. Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society, 2020, 57(1): 215-247.
[25]
DAIF, LIUB. Boundedness and asymptotic behavior in a keller-segel (-Navier)-stokes system with indirect signal production[J]. Journal of Differential Equations, 2022, 314: 201-250.
[26]
BHUVANESWARIM, ESWARAMOORTHIS, SIVASANKARANS. Cross-diffusion effects on mhd mixed convection over a stretching surface in a porous medium with chemical reaction and convective condition[J]. Engineering Transactions, 2019, 67(1): 3-19.
[27]
PLAZAR G. Derivation of a bacterial nutrient-taxis system with doubly degenerate cross-diffusion as the parabolic limit of a velocity-jump process[J]. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2019, 78(6): 1681-1711.
[28]
LIUH, GEB. Turing instability of periodic solutions for the gierer-meinhardt model with cross-diffusion[J]. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2022, 155: 111752.
[29]
MILLERD G. Some comments on multicomponent diffusion: Negative main term diffusion coefficients, second law constraints, solvent choices, and reference frame transformation[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1986, 90(8): 1509-1519.
[30]
WANGR, BIALASA L, GOELT, et al. Mechano-chemical coupling in hydra regeneration and patterning[J]. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2023, 63(6): 1422-1441.