With the rapid development of intelligent connected vehicles, precise localization and trajectory planning of vehicles in complex environments have become urgent problems to be solved. Aiming at the issues of low localization accuracy under weak or failed GPS signals and the poor adaptability of traditional trajectory planning methods in complex road conditions, this paper proposed an error-compensated multi-factor coupled localization and trajectory planning approach. By analyzing multi-source fusion data, this paper designed a lateral positioning algorithm and a deflection angle confirmation algorithm, and constructed an intelligent fusion model based on error prediction and compensation. Combined with vehicle behavior, driving mode and perception data, a multi-factor coupled trajectory planner for vehicles in high-speed driving conditions was designed, and an optimization strategy for overtaking trajectories was proposed. Experimental results show that under effective GPS conditions, the lateral positioning accuracy of this method is improved by 3.94 dm and the speed positioning error is reduced by 0.22 m/s compared to GPS. In the case of GPS failure, the localization accuracy is significantly enhanced through error compensation. Furthermore, compared with the Model Predictive Control (MPC) controller, the trajectory planner designed in this paper exhibits higher stability and safety during lane-changing and overtaking, especially on wet roads with a coefficient of friction of 0.4, where the maximum lateral deviation is reduced by 0.93 meters and the maximum yaw rate tracking deviation is decreased by 0.03 radians per second. The proposed method effectively improves the performance of vehicles in terms of high-precision localization and trajectory planning, providing important guarantees for the safe driving of intelligent and connected vehicles.
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