万口井数据透视煤层气和煤岩气开发特征、关键技术及前景

Insights into CBM and coal-rock gas development performance, key technology and prospects from thousands well data analysis

摘要

为完善复杂地质条件下煤层气和煤岩气开发技术体系,依托非常规油气数智平台整合的8 204口煤层气井和639口煤岩气井开发动态数据,采用对比分析与机器学习方法,系统梳理两类气藏的资源禀赋、开发现状与关键技术,量化开发指标差异,剖析挑战与前景。结果表明:中国煤层气和煤岩气地质资源总量为71.5×10¹² m³,技术可采资源量为22.5×10¹² m³,呈“一核多区、盆地富集、煤阶适配”分布,已建成沁水盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地东缘两大产业化基地,2019年煤岩气突破标志产业进入深浅协同开发新阶段;构建了覆盖勘探评价、钻完井、储层改造、排采、提高采收率及数智化的全流程技术体系;煤层气水平井呈慢达峰、缓递减特征,单相排液周期4~120 d,见气压力0.07~1.02 MPa,首年平均日产2 120~7 592 m³,首年递减率-31%~21%,单井预测最终可采储量(estimated ultimate recovery,EUR)主体区间(963~2 714)×10⁴ m³;煤岩气水平井开井即见气,呈快达峰、高峰值特征,见气压力5.4~8.7 MPa,首年平均日产44 077~62 288 m³,首年递减率27%~56%,单井EUR主体区间(4 547~6 232)×10⁴ m³;两类气藏互补性强,可协同构建快速响应与稳定供给相结合的产能模式。当前产业面临深层技术不成熟、成本偏高、数智化融合不足及环保约束等挑战,但采气采煤一体化与碳封存加资源开发模式前景广阔。

Abstract

To improve the development technology of coalbed methane (CBM) and coal-rock gas under complex geological conditions, this study integrated the dynamic production data of 8204 CBM wells and 639 coal-rock gas wells from the Totalsoph unconventional oil & gas platform(UOG). The resource endowment, development status and key technologies of these two types of gas reservoirs were systematically reviewed using comparative analysis and machine learning methods. The differences in development indicators were quantified, and the challenges and prospects were analyzed. The results show that the total geological resources of CBM and coal-rock gas in China is of 71.5×10 ¹² m ³ with technically recoverable resources of 22.5×10 ¹² m ³. Two major industrial gas production bases have been constructed in Qinshui Basin and the eastern margin of Ordos Basin. The breakthrough of coal-rock gas in Ordos Basin in 2019 marked the industry's entry into a new stage of coordinated shallow and deep gas development. A full-process technical system has been established, covering exploration and evaluation, drilling and completion, reservoir stimulation, drainage and production, enhanced recovery and digital intelligence. CBM horizontal wells exhibit the characteristics of "slow peak arrival and gentle decline", with main intervals of single-phase water drainage period of 4-120 d, gas breakthrough pressure of 0.07-1.02 MPa, first-year average daily production of 2 120-7 592 m ³, first-year production decline rate of -31% to 21%, and single-well estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of (963-2714)×10 ⁴ m ³. Coal-rock gas horizontal wells show a production feature of "gas breakthrough rapidly after well startup", with "fast peak arrival and high peak production" having gas breakthrough pressure of 5.4-8.7 MPa, first-year average daily production of 44 077-62 288 m ³, first-year decline rate of 27%-56%, and single-well EUR of (4 547-6 232)×10 ⁴ m ³. The two types of gas reservoirs are highly complementary and can be synergistically build into a production capacity model combining "rapid response and stable supply". The industry currently faces many challenges, such as strong reservoir heterogeneity, immature development technology of deep reservoirs, economic dependence on subsidies, insufficient digital intelligence integration and environmental constraints. However, the development models of "integrated coal mining and gas extraction" and "carbon sequestration with resource development" have broad prospects driven by the dual carbon goals, policy coordination and technological iteration.

关键词

煤层气 / 煤岩气 / 数据驱动 / 开发特征 / 开发指标 / 关键技术 / 前景展望

Key words

coalbed methane / coal-rock gas / data-driven / development performance / development indicator / key technologies / future prospects

参考文献

[1] GOVINDARAJAN S K, ANSARI M I, PAVAN T N V, et al. Field-scale complexities associated with production of CH₄ from coal bed methane reservoir [J]. Discover Applied Sciences, 2025, 7(3): 184.

[2] FLORES R M, MOORE T . Coalbed gas: a review of research directions from the past to the future as facilitated by bibliometrics[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2025, 298: 104683.

[3] 赵庆波, 陈刚, 李贵中. 中国煤层气富集高产规律、开采特点及勘探开发适用技术[J]. 天然气工业, 2009, 29(9): 13-19.

[4] ZHAO Qingbo, CHEN Gang, LI Guizhong. The regular patterns of highly-produced CBM, its production performance and the progress of prospecting technologies in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2009, 29(9): 13-19.

[5] SONG L, QIN Y, SHEN J, et al. Deep coalbed methane: a comprehensive review[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2023, 279: 104386.

[6] 谢宾, 曾凌翔, 李彬, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田深层煤层气直井压裂实践与认识[J]. 天然气勘探与开发, 2024, 47(6): 45-52.

[7] XIE Bin, ZENG Lingxiang, LI Bin, et al. Practice and understanding of vertical well fracturing for deep CBM reservoirs in Sulige gasfield, Ordos Basin[J]. Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 2024, 47(6): 45-52.

[8] 郑力会, 郭秦, 雒润田, 等 . 煤岩储层伤害评价方法发展趋势[J]. 天然气勘探与开发, 2026, 49(1): 86-104.

[9] ZHENG Lihui, GUO Qin, LUO Runtian, et al. Development trend of coal-rock reservoir damage evaluation methods[J]. Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 2026, 49(1): 86-104.

[10] 张先敏, 吴浩宇, 冯其红, 等 . 多层合采煤层气井动态响应特征[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 44(6): 88-96.

[11] ZHANG Xianmin, WU Haoyu, FENG Qihong, et al. Dynamic characteristics of commingled coalbed methane production in wells with multi-layer coal seams[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 2020, 44(6): 88-96.

[12] 陈掌星, 梁浩, 李颖, 等 . CO₂注入提高深部煤层气采收率多因机制试验 [J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 49(5): 82-92.

[13] CHEN Zhangxing, LIANG Hao, LI Ying, et al. Experiment on multifactorial mechanisms of CO₂ injection for enhancing deep coalbed methane recovery [J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 2025, 49(5): 82-92.

[14] 张芬娜, 李明忠, 綦耀光, 等 . 煤层气排采产气通道适度携煤粉理论[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 39(2): 86-92.

[15] ZHANG Fenna, LI Mingzhong, QI Yaoguang, et al. Analysis of pulverized coal migration during CBM production[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 2015, 39(2): 86-92.

[16] MOORE T A . Coalbed methane: a review[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2012, 101: 36-81.

[17] PALMER I . Coalbed methane completions: a world view[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2010, 82(3/4): 184-195.

[18] ZHANG Yang, LIU Zhiqiang, SHEN Bojie, et al. A review of global coalbed methane resources, distribution, and key development technologies[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2024, 121: 105890.

[19] 宋应星 . 天工开物[M]. 潘吉星,译,注. 上海: 上海古籍出版社, 2008: 198-199.

[20] GRIFFIN A R . The British coal industry: the impact of the nationalisation and privatisation[J]. Energy Policy, 1995, 23(6): 523-532.

[21] FRETON P . The French coal industry: decline and restructuring[J]. Resources Policy, 1985, 11(2): 107-114.

[22] KISSA E . Solubilization of coal-derived materials and coal: a review of the literature[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, 1979, 18(4): 311-316.

[23] HOLT R . The natural gas policy act of 1978: a retrospective[J]. The Electricity Journal, 2011, 24(5): 72-83.

[24] KOPPER A . The political economy of unconventional gas development: the case of the section 29 tax credit[J]. The Electricity Journal, 2012, 25(6): 70-81.

[25] 李勇, 邹才能, 王明伟, 等 . 全球煤层(岩)气形成分布、富集模式及发展前景[J]. 天然气工业, 2026, 46(1): 24-40.

[26] LI Yong, ZOU Caineng, WANG Mingwei, et al. Formation, distribution, enrichment pattern and development prospect of coal-rock gas worldwide[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2026, 46(1): 24-40.

[27] U.S. Energy Information Administration . Annual energy review 1986[R]. Washington, D C: U.S. Department of Energy, 1986.

[28] U.S. Energy Information Administration. Technically recoverable shale oil and shale gas resources: an assessment of 137 shale formations in the United States[R]. Washington, D C: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013.

[29] BUSTIN R M, CLARKSON C R . Geological controls on coalbed methane reservoir capacity and gas content[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 1998, 38(1/2): 3-26.

[30] MOORE T A, SHEARER K L, DRISCOLL R, et al. Coalbed methane in Indonesia: characteristics and reservoir potential[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2007, 91(4): 503-524.

[31] QIN Y, MOORE T A, SHEN J, et al. Resources and geology of coalbed methane in China: a review[J]. International Geology Review, 2018, 60(5/6): 777-812.

[32] SIREGAR I A, UTAMI D W . The potential of coalbed methane (CBM) in Indonesia: a review[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021, 779: 012005.

[33] 张嘉琪, 刘曾勤, 申宝剑, 等 . 国内外深层煤层气勘探开发进展与启示[J]. 石油实验地质, 2025, 47(1): 1-8.

[34] ZHANG Jiaqi, LIU Zengqin, SHEN Baojian, et al. Progress and insights from worldwide deep coalbed methane exploration and development[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2025, 47(1): 1-8.

[35] GUNTER W D, WIWEHAR B, PERKINS E H . Aquifer disposal of CO₂-rich greenhouse gases: extension of the time scale of experiment for CO₂-sequestering reactions by geochemical modelling [J]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 1997, 59(1): 121-140.

[36] IEA. Analysis of resource potential for China's unconventional gas[R]. Paris: IEA, 2012.

[37] 国土资源部 . 中国矿产资源报告2018[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2018: 15-18.

[38] 胡素云, 李建忠, 王铜山, 等 . 中国石油油气资源潜力分析与勘探选区思考[J]. 石油实验地质, 2020, 42(5): 813-823.

[39] HU Suyun, LI Jianzhong, WANG Tongshan, et al. CNPC oil and gas resource potential and exploration target selection[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 2020, 42(5): 813-823.

[40] 国家能源局. 煤层气勘探开发行动计划[R]. 北京: 国家能源局, 2015.

[41] WANG H, LIU Y, LI X, et al. Assessment of coalbed methane resources in China: a review[J]. Natural Resources Research, 2021, 30(3): 2157-2178.

[42] U.S. Energy Information Administration . International energy outlook 2021[R]. Washington, D C: EIA, 2021.

[43] ZHANG S, QIN Y, LI X, et al. Development status and challenges of coalbed methane industry in China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2022, 47(1): 1-15.

[44] 秦勇, 申建, 李小刚. 中国煤层气资源控制程度及可靠性分析[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(6): 19-32.

[45] QIN Yong, SHEN Jian, LI Xiaogang. Control degree and reliability of CBM resources in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(6): 19-32.

[46] 自然资源部 . 中国矿产资源报告2024[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2024: 22-25.

[47] 周立宏, 蒲泊伶, 王存武, 等 . 中国深层煤层气勘探开发进展与前景[J]. 煤炭学报, 2023, 48(12): 4322-4335.

[48] ZHOU Lihong, PU Boling, WANG Cunwu, et al. Progress and prospect of deep coalbed methane exploration and development in China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2023, 48(12): 4322-4335.

[49] 周立宏, 闫霞, 熊先钺, 等 . 深部煤层气超临界状态下赋存特征及分配规律[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2025, 53(3): 73-90.

[50] ZHOU Lihong, YAN Xia, XIONG Xianyue, et al. Characteristics of occurrence and distribution rule of deep coalbed methane in supercritical state[J]. Coal Science and Technology, 2025, 53(3): 73-90.

[51] 李国欣, 张君峰, 赵群, 等 . 煤岩气资源评价方法与中国陆上有利区勘探潜力[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2025, 52(6): 1231-1245.

[52] LI Guoxin, ZHANG Junfeng, ZHAO Qun, et al. Evaluation methodology of coal-rock gas resources and exploration potential of favorable areas in onshore China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2025, 52(6): 1231-1245.

[53] 张帆, 孟金落, 杨哲琦, 等 . 我国煤层气勘探开发进展及前景展望[J]. 中外能源, 2026, 31(4): 39-44.

[54] ZHANG Fan, MENG Jinluo, YANG Zheqi, et al. Progress and prospects of coalbed methane exploration and development in China[J]. Sino-Global Energy, 2026, 31(4): 39-44.

[55] 陈红, 张晨朔, 陈新军, 等 . 我国深层煤层气勘探开发实践及高质量发展措施建议[J]. 石油实验地质, 2026, 48(2): 272-279.

[56] CHEN Hong, ZHANG Chenshuo, CHEN Xinjun, et al. Proposed measures for deep coalbed methane exploration and production practices and high-quality development in China[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 2026, 48(2): 272-279.

[57] 丁蓉, 曹毅民, 赵培华, 等 . “十四五”(2021-2025年)煤层气资源评价挑战、结果及产业发展启示[J]. 石油学报, 2026, 47(2): 330-338.

[58] DING Rong, CAO Yimin, ZHAO Peihua, et al. Challenges, results and industrial implications of coalbed methane resource evaluation during the 14th Five-Year Plan period(2021-2025)[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2026, 47(2): 330-338.

[59] 陶树, 张守仁, 毕彩芹, 等 . 中国“十四五”时期深部煤层气勘探开发新进展与前景展望[J]. 煤炭学报, 2026, 51(2): 1440-1462.

[60] TAO Shu, ZHANG Shouren, BI Caiqin, et al. Advances and prospects in deep coalbed methane exploration and development in China during the “14th Five-Year Plan” period[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2026, 51(2): 1440-1462.

[61] 张雷, 李雪峰, 张继坤, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气产业发展前景、挑战与对策[J]. 天然气工业, 2026, 46(1): 41-51.

[62] ZHANG Lei, LI Xuefeng, ZHANG Jikun, et al. Development progress, challenges, and strategies for CBM/CRG in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2026, 46(1): 41-51.

[63] 宋新亚. 煤层气水平井钻井工艺分析与技术改进[J]. 矿业装备, 2025(9): 30-32.

[64] SONG Xinya. Analysis and technical improvement of drilling technology for coalbed methane horizontal wells[J]. Mining Equipment, 2025(9): 30-32.

[65] 高德利, 毕延森, 鲜保安. 中国煤层气高效开发井型与钻完井技术进展[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(6): 1-18.

[66] GAO Deli, BI Yansen, XIAN Baoan. Technical advances in well types and drilling & completion for high-efficient development of coalbed methane in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(6): 1-18.

[67] 孙四清, 杨帆, 郑玉岐, 等 . 煤矿区煤层气开发技术应用现状及展望[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2025, 15(6): 972-982.

[68] SUN Siqing, YANG Fan, ZHENG Yuqi, et al. Current applications and prospects of coalbed methane development technologies in coal mining areas[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2025, 15(6): 972-982.

[69] 杨长鑫, 杨兆中, 李小刚, 等 . 中国煤层气地面井开采储层改造技术现状与展望[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(6): 154-162.

[70] YANG Changxin, YANG Zhaozhong, LI Xiaogang, et al. Status and prospect of reservoir stimulation technologies for CBM surface well production in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(6): 154-162.

[71] 张先敏, 王学博, 邓泽, 等 . 煤层气提高采收率技术研究进展综述[J]. 钻采工艺, 2025, 48(5): 169-177.

[72] ZHANG Xianmin, WANG Xuebo, DENG Ze, et al. Research status and development trends of enhanced coalbed methane recovery technologies[J]. Drilling & Production Technology, 2025, 48(5): 169-177.

[73] 王海, 杨兆中, 李岳, 等 . 沁水盆地深部复杂结构煤储层钻完井及压裂工艺研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2019, 47(9): 105-111.

[74] WANG Hai, YANG Zhaozhong, LI Yue, et al. Study on drilling and fracturing technology for deep complex structure coal reservior in Qinshui Basin[J]. Coal Science and Technology, 2019, 47(9): 105-111.

[75] 周立宏, 熊先钺, 李勇, 等 . 深层煤层(岩)气革命性突破及关键理论与技术[J]. 天然气工业, 2025, 45(5): 17-30.

[76] ZHOU Lihong, XIONG Xianyue, LI Yong, et al. Revolutionary breakthroughs and key theories and technologies in deep coalbed methane development[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2025, 45(5): 17-30.

基金资助

中国石油天然气股份有限公司科技项目(2024DJ23)