塔里木盆地构造成岩作用对超深层断控型碳酸盐岩储集体的控制作用

Control effect of structure diagenesis on ultra-deep fault-controlled carbonate reservoirs in Tarim Basin

摘要

构造成岩作用是沉积学与构造地质学等学科交叉融合发展形成的概念,旨在研究构造背景下构造作用产物与成岩改造之间的相互关系。以塔里木盆地塔河油田和富满油田为例,在系统梳理与总结前人近二十年来研究成果的基础上,提出适用于超深层断控型碳酸盐岩研究的新思路。依据前人地震及构造研究成果,结合测井数据以及地质资料,在明确断裂与断裂破碎带2种构造产物特征的基础上阐明断控背景下构造成岩作用对储层发育规律及有效性的控制作用。结果表明:断裂具有横向分带和走向分段特征,即垂直断裂走向发育具有“核带”结构的断裂破碎带,地震上以串珠状反射特征为主,平行断裂走向可分为拉分段、挤压段和平移段;研究区经历多种构造成岩作用,主要包括胶结作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用:断层核主要发育规模较大的洞穴型储层,部分洞穴被充填储集能力降低,随着向破碎带过渡储层为裂缝孔洞型、孔洞型或裂缝型,至围岩带,几乎不发育储层;溶蚀作用与破裂作用是成储的关键要素,而胶结作用破坏储层;胶结作用破坏早期形成的孔隙,堵塞流体通道;溶蚀作用与破裂作用对储层改造程度的差异致使不同断裂分段的储层发育特征不同,总体上拉分段的构造成岩作用最强,储层规模及有效性最优,挤压段次之,平移段较差。

Abstract

Structural diagenesis is an emerging interdisciplinary concept that integrates sedimentology and structural geology, focusing on the interplay between tectonic processes and diagenetic alterations in structurally controlled settings. Using the Tahe and Fuman Oilfields in Tarim Basin as case studies, this paper proposes a conceptual framework and methodological approach for investigating the structural diagenesis of ultra-deep fault-controlled carbonate reservoirs. The study is based on a systematic synthesis of research conducted over the past two decades. Integrating previous seismic and structural interpretations with well logging and geological data, this study elucidates the controls of structure diagenesis on reservoir development and reservoir quality by characterizing faults and fault damage zones as distinct structural elements. Faults exhibit both transverse zonation and along-strike segmentation. Perpendicular to the fault strike, a fault damage zone is developed with "core-damage zone" structure, typically characterized by beaded seismic reflections. Along the fault strike, fault segments are classified into releasing bends, restraining bends, and translational bends. The study demonstrates that the reservoirs have experienced multiple stages of structural diagenesis, including cementation, dissolution, and fracturing. Large cave-type reservoirs are mainly developed within fault cores, although partial cave filling locally reduces reservoir quality. Away from the fault core and into the surrounding damage zone, reservoir types gradually transition to fracture-vug, vuggy, and fractured reservoirs, whereas effective reservoirs are rarely developed in the surrounding wall rocks. Dissolution and fracturing are the key processes controlling reservoir development, while cementation predominantly degrades reservoir quality by occluding pre-existing pore spaces and restricting fluid migration pathways. Variations in the intensity of dissolution and fracturing among different fault segments give rise to distinct reservoir characteristics. Overall, releasing bends experience the strongest structure diagenetic modification and therefore contain the largest and highest-quality reservoirs. Restraining bends ranks second, whereas translational bends contain the least favorable reservoirs.

关键词

构造成岩作用 / 碳酸盐岩 / 断控型 / 超深层 / 塔里木盆地

Key words

structure diagenesis / carbonate / fault-controlled / ultra-deep / Tarim Basin

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基金资助

中国石油天然气股份有限公司塔里木油田分公司研发中心科技项目(671024115035)

新型油气勘探开发国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1402106)