菌根学发展前瞻——菌根研究转向的预测

Trends in Mycorrhizal Research: Prediction for the Transformation of Mycorrhizae

摘要

<正>我国菌根学领域的研究一直在发展中，研究方向更为多样化，菌根研究队伍在不断壮大。研究领域从传统的形态学分类鉴定发展到分子技术手段，从个体到种群到生态系统，从生理过程到分子界面机制，在菌根真菌多样性及其生态功能、菌根真菌生理及抗逆性、菌根真菌应用等方面取得很大的进步。近年来，随着组学技术的发展，在菌根真菌-植物共生分子机制及菌丝际微生物研究领域逐渐形成特色。然而，相较于丛枝菌根真菌的研究，关于外生菌根真菌和其他菌根的资源特征和作用机制等方面的研究相对滞后，还有很大的发展空间。

我国菌根学领域的研究一直在发展中，研究方向更为多样化，菌根研究队伍在不断壮大。研究领域从传统的形态学分类鉴定发展到分子技术手段，从个体到种群到生态系统，从生理过程到分子界面机制，在菌根真菌多样性及其生态功能、菌根真菌生理及抗逆性、菌根真菌应用等方面取得很大的进步。近年来，随着组学技术的发展，在菌根真菌-植物共生分子机制及菌丝际微生物研究领域逐渐形成特色。然而，相较于丛枝菌根真菌的研究，关于外生菌根真菌和其他菌根的资源特征和作用机制等方面的研究相对滞后，还有很大的发展空间。

新时期实现可持续发展，推进现代化建设需要建立在人和自然和谐共生的基础上，菌根真菌作为典型的植物-微生物共生的一个代表，在退化系统恢复、生物多样性维持和生态系统稳定性上具有重要的作用。菌根真菌未来的研究方向包括以下方面：

（1）菌根真菌-植物共生机制和植物菌根菌-菌丝际微生物作用机制。多组学深入探讨、进一步解析菌根真菌与植物共生的分子机制，识别关键基因和信号通路，解释共生对话的界面过程与机制，为基因编辑和未来育种提供基础；深入揭示植物-菌根真菌-菌丝际微生物互作产生级联效应的作用机制。

（2）菌根真菌多样性与资源保护。加强对我国不同生态区菌根真菌资源挖掘，建立菌种资源库和新的遗传资源；研究菌根真菌的地理分布特征，加强对菌根真菌孢子的生理生态特征和功能的研究，揭示其生态功能。

（3）菌根真菌生态功能和气候变化。菌根真菌群落组装机制，菌根真菌在碳循环、养分循环及植被动态中的作用；自然生态系统菌根真菌对生态系统功能的影响；菌丝网络对生态系统物质循环和稳定性的影响；加强菌根对气候变化的响应与反馈机制的研究。

（4）菌根真菌的应用技术。开发菌根和菌根“伴侣”协同的生物肥料和生物制剂，强化菌根真菌在提升植物抗旱、抗盐、抗病等方面的作用机制，提高其在农业生产中的应用，促进森林和草地生态修复，提高生态系统的稳定性和可持续性；探索菌根真菌在重金属污染、盐碱地等环境修复中的应用潜力。

（5）新技术研发和跨学科交叉创新研究。将菌根研究与现代生物技术相结合，如基因编辑、合成生物学等；发展新的菌根研究方法和技术，包括菌根培养技术的突破等；与大数据和人工智能相结合，对菌根真菌的生态分布、遗传多样性等进行深度挖掘和分析。

Research in the field of mycorrhizae in China has made great achievements， as shown by the diversified research areas and a growing community of researchers. The research focus has shifted from traditional morphological classification and identification to the application of molecular techniques， from individual to population to ecosystems， and from physiological process to molecular interface mechanisms， resulting in significant advances in the understanding of mycorrhizal fungal diversity， ecological functions， fungal physiology， and stress resistance， as well as practical applications. In recent years， the advent of omics technologies has facilitated the emergence of distinctive research areas， particularly in the molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal fungi-host plant symbiosis and hyphosphere microbial interactions. However， compared to research on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi， investigations on the resource distributions and functional mechanisms of ectomycorrhizal fungi and other mycorrhizal types remain relatively under-developed， offering large spaces for future research.

In the new era， with the upcoming challenges on sustainable development and modernization， the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature is the mainstream. Mycorrhizal fungi， as one of the typical plant-microbe symbiosis， play a critical role in ecosystem restoration， biodiversity conservation， and the maintenance of ecosystem stability. The future research directions of mycorrhizal fungi include the following aspects：

（1）Interactions of mycorrhizal fungi-host plant symbiosis and mycorrhizal fungi-hyphosphere microbiome. A multi-omics approach to deeply explore the molecular mechanisms of mycorrhizal fungi-plant symbiosis， identify the key genes and signaling pathways， uncover the processes and mechanisms of symbiotic dialogue on the interface， and provide a foundation for gene editing and future breeding. Research is needed to reveal the mechanisms of the cascading effects of plant-mycorrhizal fungi-hyphosphere microbiome interactions.

（2）Mycorrhizal fungal diversity and the conservation of fungal resources. Strengthen the exploration of mycorrhizal fungal resources in different ecological regions of China， establish fungal resources bank and uncover new genetic resources； study the geographical distributions of mycorrhizal fungi， strengthen research on the physiological and ecological characteristics and functions of fungal spores， and reveal their ecological functions.

（3）Ecological functions of mycorrhizal fungi and climate change. The assembly of mycorrhizal fungal communities， the roles of mycorrhizal fungi in the carbon cycle， nutrient cycle， and plant dynamics； the effects of mycorrhizal fungi in natural ecosystems and their functions； the effects of common mycorrhizal networks on material fluxes and stability of ecosystems； the response of mycorrhizal fungi to climate change and the feedback mechanisms on the processes.

（4）Applications and biotechnology of mycorrhizal fungi. Develop mycorrhizal fungi and “fungal associated partners” based biological fertilizers and biological agents， strengthen the mechanisms of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant resistance to drought， salt， and disease， and enhance their applications in agricultural production， forest and grassland ecological restoration， and improve the stability and sustainability of ecological systems； explore the potential applications of mycorrhizal fungi in the remediation of heavy metals and saline-alkali soils.

（5） Development of new technologies and interdisciplinary innovation research. Combine the research on mycorrhizae with modern biotechnologies such as gene editing and synthetic biology； develop new technologies and new methods， such as the innovation of cultivation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi； combining mycorrhizae research with mega-data and artificial intelligence to deeply dig out and analyze the ecological distribution and genetic diversity of mycorrhizal fungi.

基金资助

国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U23A201464)