Exploring the impact of climate warming on water use efficiency(WUE) of trees is significant for understanding the responses of tree carbon-water coupling to climate warming. In 2004, Larix gmelinii seedlings grown in four sites along temperate gradient(e.g., Tahe, Songling, Sunwu and Dailing) simulating climate warming were transplanted to a common garden(Mao’ershan) near the natural edge of this species’ range. In August 2022, in the common garden and four different transplanting sites, the instantaneous water use efficiency(WUEi) and intrinsic water use efficiency(WUEg) were measured using the gas exchange method, and long-term water use efficiency(WUEL) was calculated via carbon-13 isotope abundance to explore the effects of different simulating climate warming magnitudes on WUE of L. gmelinii. The results showed that both WUEi and WUEg significantly increased, with an increase of 33.37%, 38.84%, 42.06% and 58.76% for WUEi, and an increase of 15.94%, 18.47%, 20.84% and 39.10% for WUEg of L. gmelinii under the simulated climate warming by transplantation from the sites Tahe, Songling, Sunwu and Dailing, respectively. The WUEL significantly increased by 16.92% and 30.56% for Songling and Tahe, respectively. The increasing rate of WUEi, WUEg and WUEL showed positive linear correlations with the warming magnitude. Both WUEi and WUEg showed significant and similar site differences in the common garden and among the transplanting sites, while WUEL showed significant differences only among the transplanting sites. WUEi was sensitive to all the warming magnitudes, but WUEL was sensitive only to the high warming magnitude. Therefore, the warming magnitude and the determining methods should be taken into consideration in tree WUE responses to climate warming.
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