The botanical characteristics and germination traits of Artemisia hedinii seeds from two natural populations in Tanggula Town(TGL) and Yuegai Town(YG) of Qinghai Province were investigated, and functional traits such as morphological characteristics, seed viability, water absorption rate, and water content were determined, and the effects of constant temperature, alternating temperature, and gibberellin(GA3) treatments on seed germination traits were studied using germination rate, germination energy, and germination index as indicators. Additionally, conventional chromosome squashing technique and karyotype analysis were employed to reveal differences in chromosome karyotype characteristics between the two populations. The results showed that A. hedinii seeds were flat and slender, with 1 000-seed mass of 0.121 2 g(YG) and 0.090 1 g(TGL), respectively, and seeds reached water saturation after 24 hours of imbibition. Temperature was a critical factor affecting seed germination, under the optimum germination temperature (25 ℃), the germination rate exceeded 85%; a low temperature(5 ℃) led to no seed germination, while a high temperature(35 ℃) reduced the germination rate to the values less than 72%, the appropriate temperature and GA3 treatments significantly improved germination indices. GA3 could alleviate the inhibitory effect of high temperature on germination to a certain extent but had no effect on inhibition of low temperature. The chromosome number of A. hedinii was 18, with a basic chromosome number of 9, and the karyotype formula was 2n=2x=18m, karyotype type was 1A, and chromosome was symmetrical. The chromosome length ratio, average arm ratio, and karyotype asymmetry index of the Tanggula Town population were all higher than those of the Yuegai Town population. In conclusion, temperature was an important factor regulating A. hedinii seed germination. The optimal germination temperatures for both populations were constant 25 ℃ and variable temperature 25 ℃/15 ℃, and GA3 could effectively promote seed germination under high-temperature conditions. A. hedinii was a diploid plant with 18 stable and symmetric chromosomes, and heterogeneous environment might play a significant role in the chromosomes evolutionary direction of A. hedinii, driving the chromosome karyotype evolution in specific directions.
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