膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪种子休眠与萌发研究进展
Research Progress on the Seed Dormancy and Germination of Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus
膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)和蒙古黄芪(A. membranaceus var. mongholicus)是大宗药用植物黄芪(Astragali Radix)基原物种,是全球天然药物与功能性食品的战略资源,其种子休眠与萌发研究,是保障药材道地性与产业可持续性的核心支撑。该文系统综述1975年以来的研究成果,旨在阐明2种黄芪种子休眠与萌发共性特征与差异。2种黄芪种子均属复合休眠类型,致密种皮形成的物理屏障、内源抑制物的抑制效应,与脱落酸(ABA)/赤霉素(GA)信号通路介导的生理休眠,共同决定其休眠特征。2种黄芪种子休眠与萌发存在类群间异质性,是生态位分化的适应策略;研究人员根据上述特点已开发物理、化学、微生物及引发剂处理等方法靶向休眠破除技术。2种黄芪种子的萌发对温度、水分、盐碱等环境因子的响应也具有类群间异质性。2种黄芪种子在“GA中间产物预储存”特征下,休眠-萌发的分子调控策略存在分化。黄芪种子休眠与萌发研究已从经验探索向机制驱动发展,但仍存在分子机制解析不彻底、微生物互作认知薄弱等瓶颈问题。未来研究需采用多组学与基因编辑技术,深入解析休眠与萌发机制并建立类群精准调控方案,为黄芪产业可持续发展及种子休眠与萌发理论创新提供支撑。
Astragalus membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus are the source species of the bulk medicinal herb Astragali Radix(Huangqi), and they serve as strategic resources for global natural medicines and functional foods. Research on seed dormancy and germination in the two taxa is crucial for ensuring the authenticity of medicinal materials and industrial sustainability. This article systematically reviewed studies published since 1975 on their seeds, aiming to clarify the commonalities and differences in the seed dormancy and germination between the two Astragalus taxa. Seeds of the two Astragalus taxa exhibited combinational dormancy(physical dormancy+physiological dormancy), whose dormancy characteristics were collectively determined by the physical barrier formed by the dense seed coat, the inhibitory effect of endogenous inhibitors, and the physiological dormancy mediated by the abscisic acid(ABA)/gibberellic acid(GA) signaling pathway. The interspecific heterogeneity in dormancy and germination of the two Astragalus seeds represented an adaptive strategy for niche differentiation. Based on these traits, targeted dormancy-breaking techniques have been developed, including physical, chemical, microbial, and priming treatments. Additionally, seed germination of the two Astragalus taxa in response to environmental factors(temperature, water, and salinity-alkalinity) also showed significant inter-taxonomic heterogeneity. Despite sharing the “GA intermediate pre-storage” trait, the two Astragalus taxa had divergent molecular regulatory strategies for dormancy and germination. Current research on seed dormancy and germination of the two Astragalus taxa has advanced from empirical exploration to mechanism-driven investigation; however, bottlenecks remain, such as incomplete elucidation of molecular mechanisms and insufficient understanding of microbe-seed interactions. Future studies should integrate multi-omics and gene editing technologies to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying dormancy and germination, and establish taxon-specific precision regulation protocols. This review will provide robust support for the sustainable development of the Astragali Radix industry and the advancement of theories related to seed dormancy and germination.
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国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3506403)
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