The temporal dynamics of forest growth processes have become a critical component in evaluating terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks. However, a systematic understanding of the coupling-decoupling patterns between intra-annual normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and radial growth phenology, as well as their response mechanisms to environmental factors, remains lacking. To address this, the present study focused on Pinus koraiensis plantations and Larix gmelinii plantations in Northeast China, employing continuous stem radial growth(SRG) monitoring, UAV-derived NDVI data, and meteorological observations to analyze the phenological characteristics and differential environmental responses of the two species during 2023—2024. The results demonstrated that L. gmelinii exhibited an “acquisitive” growth strategy, with SRG onset occurring 13-37 days earlier than that of P. koraiensis, and peak growth rates (22.40-32.34 μm⋅d-1) consistently exceeding those of P. koraiensis (18.06-25.40 μm⋅d-1). In contrast, P. koraiensis displayed a “conservative” strategy characterized by a relatively concentrated growth period. SRG and NDVI phenology were highly synchronized in P. koraiensis, with a time lag of only 6-7 days between their onsets. Conversely, a pronounced decoupling was observed in L. gmelinii, where SRG initiated substantially earlier than NDVI but also ceased considerably sooner. Furthermore,the environmental response patterns of SRG and NDVI in P. koraiensis were highly consistent, both showing significant correlations with soil moisture and temperature, air temperature, and atmospheric humidity(r≥0.4, P<0.01). In L. gmelinii, however, the responses diverged: NDVI was predominantly driven by air temperature(r≥0.4, P<0.01), while SRG was jointly constrained by soil moisture, soil temperature, and atmospheric humidity(r≥0.4, P<0.01). Collectively, this study reveals functional divergence between evergreen and deciduous conifer species in the coupling mechanisms between growth rhythms and NDVI dynamics, as well as in their sensitivity to environmental drivers, indicating that the coupling between canopy phenology and structural growth is species-specific.
树木测量仪监测的径向变化可分解为生长诱导的不可逆形成层扩张(growth,GRO),以及由水分亏缺引起的可逆形成层收缩(tree water deficit,TWD)[27]。零增长(zero growth,ZG)模型假设在形成层收缩期间不发生生长,径向生长仅在组织充分水合时发生,而低于前一个最大值的径向变化则归因于水分不足。本研究仅关注树木半径的正增量变化,不考虑负增量及形成层收缩过程[28-29]。高精度树木测量仪所记录的数据则直接反映了林木胸径处的周长动态变化。
基于Gompertz模型的拟合结果,2种针叶树的径向生长与冠层NDVI的物候期均表现出年际差异(图1~2)。红松径向生长在2023年的生长季开始期(start of season,SOS)为DOY127,生长季结束期(end of season,EOS)为DOY230,生长季长度(length of season,LOS)为103 d,最大生长速率18.06 μm·d-1出现在DOY157;2024年的SOS为DOY114,EOS为DOY207,LOS为93 d,最大生长速率25.40 μm·d-1出现在DOY137。红松冠层NDVI在2023年的SOS为DOY134,EOS为DOY286,LOS为152 d;2024年的SOS为DOY120,EOS为DOY293,LOS为173 d(图1)。
红松径向生长与NDVI在生长季启动阶段表现出较高的时间同步性(图1)。2023年红松径向生长SOS(DOY127)较NDVI的SOS(DOY134)早7 d;2024年,该间隔为6 d(DOY114 vs DOY120)。红松径向生长于DOY207~230停止,而NDVI直至DOY286~293才结束,其径向生长结束时间较NDVI早56~86 d。落叶松则表现出形成层优先活动的特征(图2),其2023年径向生长开始期(DOY90)显著早于NDVI开始期(DOY123),时滞达33 d;2024年该时滞缩短至12 d(DOY101 vs DOY113)。
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