母婴照护人员分阶段照护知识知晓现状及影响因素分析

Awareness status and influencing factors of stage-specific care knowledge among maternal and infant caregivers

摘要

目的 调查母婴照护人员对不同时期(孕妇乳母期、婴儿期、幼儿期)母婴营养喂养与照护实践知识的知晓现状,并探究其影响因素,为后续开展针对性培训、优化人才培养体系提供科学依据。方法 通过某大型照护服务平台向母婴照护人员发放自编问卷,调查内容涵盖营养喂养与照护实践两大模块。分别计算不同阶段各模块知识的知晓率及问卷总体知晓率,使用多因素Logistic回归分析探索母婴照护人员照护知识知晓水平的影响因素。结果 婴儿期总知晓率最高(90.1%),孕妇乳母期次之(82.3%),幼儿期最低(70.4%),差异具有统计学意义(χ²=31.085,P<0.001)。多因素分析显示,文化程度与孕妇乳母期知识总知晓率(OR=2.73,95%CI:1.38~5.50)、幼儿期营养知识(OR=4.04,95%CI:1.73~9.96)与实践知识(OR=4.40,95%CI:1.85~11.13)及总知晓率(OR=4.68,95%CI:2.02~11.47)显著相关(P<0.05);年龄与幼儿期实践知识(OR=9.87,95%CI:4.07~25.96)及总知晓率(OR=6.84,95%CI:2.88~17.17)显著相关(P<0.05);是否有育儿经验与幼儿期营养知识(OR=6.04,95%CI:2.50~15.37)、实践知识(OR=4.75,95%CI:1.99~11.68)及总知晓率(OR=5.22,95%CI:2.22~12.70)显著相关(P<0.05)。结论 母婴照护人员照护知识知晓水平整体偏弱,且存在显著阶段性差异,其中幼儿期知识掌握最为薄弱。文化程度、年龄及个人育儿经验是影响其知识水平的因素。建议构建“知识补偿”与“经验赋能”双轨培训体系,提升整体母婴照护服务质量。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the awareness status of maternal and infant caregivers regarding maternal and infant nutrition,feeding,and caregiving practice knowledge across different stages (pregnancy and lactation period,infancy,and toddlerhood),and to explore the influencing factors,thereby providing a scientific basis for developing targeted training programs and optimizing the personnel training system. Methods A self-designed questionnaire was distributed to maternal and infant caregivers through a large caregiving service platform.The survey covered two modules:nutrition and feeding knowledge,and caregiving practice knowledge.Awareness rates for each module at different stages,as well as the overall questionnaire awareness rate,were calculated.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing the level of care knowledge among maternal and infant caregivers. Results The overall awareness rate was highest during infancy (90.1%),followed by the pregnancy and lactation period (82.3%),and lowest during toddlerhood (70.4%),with statistically significant differences among stages (χ ²=31.085,P<0.001).Multivariate analysis showed that educational level was significantly associated with the overall awareness rate during the pregnancy and lactation period (OR=2.73,95%CI:1.38-5.50),as well as nutritional knowledge (OR=4.04,95%CI:1.73-9.96),practical knowledge (OR=4.40,95%CI:1.85-11.13),and overall awareness rate (OR=4.68,95%CI:2.02-11.47) during toddlerhood (P<0.05).Age was significantly associated with practical knowledge (OR=9.87,95%CI:4.07-25.96) and overall awareness rate (OR=6.84,95%CI:2.88-17.17) during toddlerhood (P<0.05).Childcare experience was significantly associated with nutritional knowledge (OR=6.04,95%CI:2.50-15.37),practical knowledge (OR=4.75,95%CI:1.99-11.68),and overall awareness rate (OR=5.22,95%CI:2.22-12.70) during toddlerhood (P<0.05). Conclusion The overall level of care knowledge among maternal and infant caregivers was relatively inadequate,with significant stage-specific differences.Knowledge related to toddlerhood was the weakest area.Educational level,age,and personal childcare experience were important factors influencing knowledge levels.Establishing a dual-track training system integrating “knowledge compensation” and “experience empowerment” is recommended to improve the overall quality of maternal and infant caregiving services.

关键词

母婴照护人员 / 照护知识 / 知晓率 / 影响因素 / 横断面研究

Key words

maternal and infant caregiver / care knowledge / awareness rate / influencing factor / cross-sectional study

参考文献

[1] Acevedo N, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Caraballo L, et al. Perinatal and early-life nutrition,epigenetics,and allergy[J]. Nutrients, 2021,13(3): 724.

[2] Victora C G, Christian P, Vidaletti L P, et al. Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries:variable progress towards an unfinished agenda[J]. Lancet, 2021,397(10282): 1388-1399.

[3] Kinshella M W, Moore S E, Elango R. The missing focus on women's health in the First 1 000 days approach to nutrition[J]. Public Health Nutr., 2021,24(6): 1526-1530.

[4] Petersen R. How to collectively move forward to achieve optimal nutritional status during the first 1 000 days[J]. Am J Public Health, 2022,112(S8): S750-S753.

[5] 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 国家卫生健康委办公厅关于印发婴幼儿营养喂养评估服务指南(试行)的通知[EB/OL].(2025-02-08)[2025-10-28]. https://www.nhc.gov.cn/fys/c100078/202502/19903ff647694f3a85ed6fe332380b34.shtml.

[6] Son K, Kayaoglu A. Hidden work-family challenges in the low- and middle-income countries:a systematic review of causes,consequences,and policy responses[J]. World Development, 2026,202: 107349.

[7] 唐小茜, 李少霞, 庞文. 家政服务业近40年演变脉络与进程——基于1978-2020年《人民日报》的文本分析[J]. 理论观察, 2024(4): 88-94.

[8] 初钰华, 吕梅军, 赵雪, 等. 山东省家庭母婴护理员职业现状调查与分析[J]. 卫生职业教育, 2023,41(18): 106-109.

[9] World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, World Bank Group. Nurturing care for early childhood development:a framework for helping children survive and thrive to transform health and human potential[R].Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018.

[10] 孔文瑞, 许梦雪, 贾妮, 等. 北京市0~3岁婴幼儿家长养育照护能力现状及影响因素分析[J]. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2023,31(7): 741-745.

[11] Quah P L, Chan D W K, Loy S L, et al. Caregiver feeding practices for infants and toddlers and their eating behaviors in Singapore[J]. Front Nutr, 2025,12: 1540031.

[12] Blaine R E, Davison K K, Hesketh K, et al. Child care provider adherence to infant and toddler feeding recommendations:findings from the Baby Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (Baby NAP SACC) study[J]. Child Obes, 2015,11(3): 304-313.

[13] Scarpone R, Kimkool P, Ierodiakonou D, et al. Timing of allergenic food introduction and risk of immunoglobulin e-mediated food allergy:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2023,177(5): 489-497.

[14] 王圆媛, 张学宁, 刘艳. 江苏省婴幼儿照护人营养知识知晓现状及影响因素[J]. 现代预防医学, 2023,50(11): 1998-2002.

[15] 张晶, 孙倩, 詹建英, 等. 基于WHO框架的婴幼儿家长养育照护能力调查与分析[J]. 健康研究, 2025,45(2): 185-191.

[16] Macmillan L, Tominey E. Parental inputs and socio-economic gaps in early child development[J]. J Popul Econ, 2023,36(3): 1513-1543.

[17] Cermakova P, Chlapecˇka A, Csajbók Z, et al. Parental education,cognition and functional connectivity of the salience network[J]. Sci Rep, 2023,13(1): 2761.

[18] 方蕾, 戴北俊, 杨翠红, 等. 芜湖市母婴护理员工作现状及培训需求调查[J]. 卫生职业教育, 2024,42(23): 102-105.

[19] 王倩倩, 王巧丽, 谢晓芳. 母婴护理人员从业现状及对策研究[J]. 卫生职业教育, 2022,40(13): 108-110.

[20] 丁梅, 黄晓峰, 钟惠琴, 等. 赣州市母婴护理员培训管理及社区护理服务现状[J]. 重庆医学, 2017,46(21): 3018-3019.

[21] 邢聪, 杨滨, 牛进. 陕西省宝鸡市围生期孕妇母婴健康素养现状调查[J]. 中国基层医药, 2025,32(1): 114-118.

[22] Radwan A, Shraim N, Abualhasan M, et al. Maternal knowledge and practices regarding infantile colic in Palestine:a need for enhanced education and awareness[J]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2025,25(1): 223.

[23] Lee S J, Walsh T B, Lee J Y, et al. Men's knowledge of anticipatory guidance topics:results from a nationally representative survey[J]. Acad Pediatr, 2021,21(5): 830-837.

[24] 俞华, 徐娜. 我国家政服务业发展现状、趋势、问题与对策[J]. 湖北社会科学, 2023(11): 73-81.

[25] 彭超华, 杨伟坤, 杨东妹, 等. 以家庭服务能力为导向的母婴护理员培训内容需求调查[J]. 卫生职业教育, 2024,42(7): 110-113.

[26] Parellada C B, Asmussen J, Olsen A L, et al. Associations between regulatory problems in early childhood and parental feeding practices,child eating behaviour,and weight:a systematic review and narrative synthesis[J]. Appetite, 2026,221: 108491.

[27] 徐源, 余旬, 金春林, 等. 家庭科学育儿的社会支持需求及体系研究[J]. 中国妇幼健康研究, 2018,29(11): 1372-1377.

[28] 刘玉雪, 邓小利, 王维, 等. “1+X”证书制度下护理专业“课证融通”母婴护理课程体系的构建与实施[J]. 卫生职业教育, 2021,39(22): 100-102.

基金资助

新质创新项目基金(XZDX-2025-006)

国家自然科学基金(82473648)

首都儿科研究所所级课题(JCYJ-2025-08)

首都医学科研发展基金(首发2024-2G-1136)

北京市卫生健康委世界卫生组织合作中心项目()

中华国际科学交流基金(Z2024LBJ002)