应用于牙釉质的抗菌再矿化材料的研究进展

陈阿璇 ,  戴雯玉 ,  韩向龙

国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (05) : 606 -613.

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国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (05) : 606 -613. DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025077
牙体牙髓病学专栏

应用于牙釉质的抗菌再矿化材料的研究进展

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Research progress on antibacterial-remineralizing materials for dental enamel

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摘要

抗菌再矿化材料凭借其多功能集成性突破、仿生结构设计优化、生物相容性提升及不良反应可控性显著等优势,近年来在龋病防治中受到广泛关注。本文总结了应用于牙釉质的抗菌再矿化材料的功能特点与作用机制,按照氟化物基材料、生物活性玻璃基材料、壳聚糖基材料、釉原蛋白衍生物与多肽、纳米材料体系、植物多酚复合物六大部分分类介绍了目前已有抗菌再矿化材料在龋病中的发展与应用现状,以期为龋病的预防和治疗提供参考,推动该类生物材料的进一步发展。

Abstract

Antibacterial-remineralizing materials have attracted extensive attention in recent years for caries prevention and treatment owing to their breakthroughs in multifunctional integration, optimized biomimetic structural design, enhanced biocompatibility, and remarkable controllability of side effects. This review summarizes the functional characteristics and mechanisms of action of antibacterial-remineralizing materials applied to dental enamel, with a systematic classification into six categories: fluoride-based materials, bioactive glass-based materials, chitosan-based composites, amelogenin derivatives and peptides, nanomaterial systems, and plant polyphenol complexes. This review aimed to provide refe-rences for clinical prevention and treatment strategies and promote further advancements in this field of bioactive materials.

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关键词

牙釉质 / 抗菌 / 再矿化

Key words

dental enamel / antimicrobial / tooth remineralization

引用本文

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陈阿璇,戴雯玉,韩向龙. 应用于牙釉质的抗菌再矿化材料的研究进展[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2025, 52(05): 606-613 DOI:10.7518/gjkq.2025077

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牙釉质是人体最坚硬和最耐用的组织,具有独特的化学组成和结构特征。它由96%的无机成分、3%的水和1%的有机基质组成:牙釉质的无机成分是羟磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HAP)晶体[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2][1],其高度有序的晶体结构赋予了牙釉质优异的硬度和耐磨性[2];水分以氢氧根离子的形式存在,参与了HAP的形成和矿化反应;有机成分包括蛋白质和糖类等,在牙釉质的发育过程中起着重要作用[3]。牙釉质承担着保护牙齿内部结构的重要功能。然而,当牙釉质在口腔中长期受到酸性物质、细菌代谢产物等侵蚀时,容易发生脱矿进而形成龋齿[4]。牙釉质龋的形成是一个渐进性脱矿的过程:口腔微生物群可利用饮食中摄入的可发酵碳水化合物,通过糖酵解途径产酸[5];当口腔pH值低于5.5时,唾液中磷酸根离子浓度降低,HAP开始溶解[6]。牙釉质孔隙率增加,呈现出不透明的白垩质表面,此时通过再矿化治疗可逆转。溶解过程按照“自上而下”的顺序进行,因此牙釉质表面的矿物密度损失较内部区域更大[7]。若酸性环境未消除或减少,可能会进一步演变成不可逆性龋洞[8]
龋齿病变的核心病理过程是脱矿与再矿化的动态平衡被打破[9],其防治需遵循双重策略:一方面通过抑制致龋菌生物膜形成、调控口腔pH值终止病理性脱矿;另一方面需重建矿化微环境,通过补充钙磷离子及调控晶体成核-生长动力学,促进矿物相在脱矿位点的特异性沉积以恢复其力学性能[10]。因此,构建兼具高效抗菌活性与可控再矿化功能的双功能生物活性系统,是龋病早期防治和牙体硬组织功能性修复的重要研究方向[11]
近年来,随着纳米技术和生物材料的发展,新型牙釉质抗菌再矿化材料逐渐崭露头角。牙釉质抗菌再矿化材料兼具抑制微生物生长和促进矿物质沉积的双重功能,可通过直接或间接作用抑制或杀死细菌,减少酸的产生,降低牙釉质脱矿风险,同时可通过经典矿化途径或非经典矿化途径使脱矿牙釉质矿物离子再沉积、晶体结构修复而恢复其结构与功能。图1中的这些材料突破了传统单一功能材料的局限,通过协同作用增强修复效果,从而实现龋齿的预防和治疗[图中素材来自于BioRender®https://biorender.com/)]。
本文旨在系统综述近年来作用于牙釉质的抗菌再矿化材料的研究进展,分析各类材料的作用机制、应用现状及优缺点,探讨未来的发展方向,推动该领域的进一步发展。

1  氟化物基材料

1.1  传统无机氟化物材料

氟化钠(sodium fluoride,NaF)、氟化亚锡(stannous fluoride,SnF2)等传统无机氟化物材料已广泛应用于牙膏和漱口水等日常口腔护理产品,以预防或修复牙釉质脱矿[12]。其通过直接抗菌机制发挥作用,主要包括:氟离子通过抑制细胞壁合成、破坏细胞膜、改变细菌离子稳态、诱导氧化应激,以及干扰细菌的代谢和影响DNA合成,从而抑制细菌的生长和繁殖[13]。其再矿化机制主要依赖经典矿化途径:氟离子进入HAP的定向晶格,取代羟基或吸附于晶体表面,促进牙釉质再矿化[14]。与无氟磷灰石相比,氟代磷灰石具有更高的硬度和更低的溶解度,因此在酸性环境中表现出更强的抗脱矿能力[15]

尽管氟化物兼具抗菌和再矿化作用,但其过量使用可能导致氟斑牙或氟中毒风险[16-17]。此外,局部涂氟需要每年多次进行,对患者依从性要求较高[18]。有研究[19]指出,经牙膏或漱口水进入口腔的氟化物浓度可能不足以显著抑制细菌代谢,从而难以对龋病的进展产生明显影响。因此,牙科协会建议在含氟产品中联合使用抗菌剂以增强龋病的预防效果[20]

1.2  新型氟化物复合体系

氟化二胺银(silver diamine fluoride,SDF)是一种含银和氟的无色碱性溶液,可与氨形成络合物[21]。应用38%的SDF是一种简单、无痛且相对便宜的龋病干预措施[22]。SDF通过直接和间接抗菌机制共同发挥作用:其银离子可破坏细菌细胞膜、抑制细菌黏附并干扰细菌代谢,其碱性特性可提高局部pH、抑制牙釉质脱矿并阻止龋病进一步发展[23]。然而,SDF的临床应用仍受一定限制,如银离子氧化可能导致龋损部位颜色加深,同时,其不良口感、潜在致敏性及长期生物安全性仍存争议[24]

2  生物活性玻璃基材料

生物活性玻璃是一类能够与人体硬组织(如骨或牙)发生特异性表面反应,并促进组织再生的无机非金属材料[25]。其核心特征在于通过可控离子释放和表面矿化反应,实现生物活性和组织整合功能[26]。代表性材料45S5生物活性玻璃的核心成分为硅酸盐玻璃,包含SiO2、Na2O、CaO和P2O5[27],目前已广泛应用于抗敏感牙膏等口腔护理产品中[28]。其直接或间接抗菌机制包括:掺杂锌离子或银离子等增强杀菌效果;释放钠、钙等离子升高局部pH值,抑制细菌代谢[29]。释放钙、磷、硅离子通过经典矿化途径形成HAP层[30],其中硅离子可诱导HAP的沉淀[31]。然而,此类材料的再矿化作用主要局限于牙釉质表面,仍缺乏表层下再矿化作用的有力证据[32]。因此,未来的研究应重点关注矿物离子的深层递送机制,以优化其再矿化效果。

3  壳聚糖基材料

壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)是一种N-脱乙酰化甲壳素衍生物,天然存在于节肢动物外壳中,易于获得,具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性和无毒性[33]。其直接或间接抗菌机制包括:CS的正电荷可与带负电荷的变异链球菌结合抑制其生长[34];在低pH值下CS的正电荷可增强其在脱矿牙釉质表面的黏附性[35],形成物理屏障减少酸渗透,抑制病理性脱矿进程。此外,CS凭借其优异的渗透性将钙、磷等离子递送至病变深层,通过经典矿化途径实现脱矿组织的梯度修复[36]。研究[37]显示:用壳聚糖水凝胶(chitosan hydrogel,CSH)修复的脱矿牙釉质表面可形成新沉积的矿物层,并表现出由定向晶体组装的多孔形态,提示CS可诱导非晶态HAP向有序晶体转化,实现仿生矿化过程的精准调控。CS的多种改性形式也被尝试应用于牙釉质再矿化,如磷酸化壳聚糖(phosphorylated chitosan,PCS)不仅具有优异的杀菌性和生物相容性,还可通过其磷酸基团螯合钙离子在牙釉质表面形成成核位点,从而促进矿化[38]

然而,有研究[39]表明,单独的CS并未显著改善牙釉质的生物力学性能。因此,基于CS分子链上丰富的氨基和羟基活性位点,可通过将CS与生物活性材料(如磷酸钙纳米簇、氟化硅颗粒等)构建复合体系,形成智能响应型离子储存库,实现矿物离子的可控释放,优化再矿化动力学,以提升再矿化牙釉质的生物力学性能。

4  釉原蛋白衍生物与多肽

在所有与牙釉质生成相关的结构蛋白中,釉原蛋白占比最高(>90%),并已被广泛研究[40]。其特定的结构基序协同调控生物矿化过程——如聚脯氨酸重复序列通过刚性结构维持釉原蛋白自组装框架的稳定性,形成仿生矿化模板;丝氨酸磷酸化修饰的N端结构域动态调节蛋白-晶体界面能,抑制异常矿化;C端结构域的β-片层通过负电残基(如谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)选择性结合Ca2+,引导晶体沿c轴择优生长[41]。体外实验研究[42]显示:釉原蛋白不仅能结合HAP表面,稳定无定形磷酸钙(amorphous calcium phosphate,ACP)并抑制其转化为HAP,还能促进磷酸钙成核以及HAP的有序生长,影响晶体的最终形态。

P11-4是一种N端乙酰化C端酰胺化的11个氨基酸残基(Ac-QQRFEWEFEQQ-NH2)肽,其肽序列与交替的疏水和亲水氨基酸残基排列赋予其自组装能力,形成三维基质并高效吸附钙离子,进而通过经典矿化途径促进HAP晶体的成核与生长[43]。同时,该多肽兼具抗菌活性,可通过直接破坏细菌膜或干扰细菌代谢通路发挥作用[44]。目前,P11-4已获得专利并作为 CurodontTM Repair销售,广泛应用于龋齿治疗[45]

釉原蛋白-CSH也被应用于抗菌再矿化研究。例如,CS与釉原蛋白衍生的精要肽5( quintessential peptide 5,QP5)结合形成的水凝胶CS-QP5,可有效抑制变异链球菌生物膜的形成,并促进早期牙釉质龋损的再矿化[46]。此外,将重组釉原蛋白(recombinant amelogenin,rP172)或富含亮氨酸的釉原蛋白多肽(leucine-rich amelogenin peptide,LRAP)掺入CSH中,可通过捕获钙磷离子,在脱矿牙釉质表面定向沉积HAP层,从而形成与天然牙釉质相似且具有稳固无缝界面的矿化层[47]

然而,基于肽的仿生转化策略仍存在一些缺陷,如矿化效率与速度不足、生物稳定性和持久性挑战、临床转化与安全性问题及仅适用于早期龋损等,仍需进一步优化,以适应临床应用中复杂的生物环境[48]

5  纳米材料体系

5.1  钙磷基纳米材料

含钙或磷酸盐的纳米材料是目前主要的牙釉质再矿化策略之一,可作为矿物离子储库,以抑制脱矿并促进再矿化[49]。其中,纳米非晶磷酸钙(nano-amorphous calcium phosphate,NACP)的颗粒因其高比表面积,能够释放更多的钙磷离子,通过非经典矿化途径填充脱矿空隙。已被添加至牙科粘接剂,并在研究[50]中显示出中和细菌酸性物质、预防牙釉质脱矿的潜力。

5.2  有机大分子稳定体系

有机大分子(如聚天冬氨酸、聚丙烯酸[51]和酪蛋白磷酸肽[52])可通过羧酸基团或磷酸化丝氨酸残基稳定NACP纳米颗粒,抑制HAP自发沉淀,维持钙磷过饱和状态[44]。这些分子既能螯合离子提供持续矿化源,又可复合抗菌成分(如Ag+、Zn2+、氟化物或抗菌肽),形成兼具抗菌和再矿化功能的双效体系。从该储层释放的矿质离子对牙釉质表面下病变有显著的再矿化作用[53]

负载ACP的苯扎氯氨-丝素蛋白纳米复合物(amorphous calcium phosphate-loaded silk fibroin-benzalkonium chloride nanocomposite,ACP@SF-BZC)是一种双功能纳米复合材料,不仅可显著抑制变异链球菌的黏附和生物膜形成,其再矿化能力甚至优于氟化物,在体内外均可在脱矿牙釉质表面形成稳定的再矿化层,并具有更优异的机械性能。然而,随着再矿化层的逐渐形成,其下层材料逐渐被覆盖,抗菌效果可能会有所削弱,因此需通过定期应用来维持其效果[54]

5.3  光/激光响应型复合材料

光催化抗菌矿化材料在光照下产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)直接杀菌,同时释放钙磷离子促进矿化[55]。例如纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)HAP复合物,TiO2在紫外线照射下产生超氧化物和羟基自由基攻击细菌表面导致其死亡。HAP成分天然,能有效修复牙釉质,二者结合后可实现良好的抗菌再矿化效果。HAP可能会轻微降低TiO2光催化活性,但差异不显著[56]。利用激光能量(如CO2激光)激活矿化前驱体(如磷酸钙溶液),加速HAP晶体在牙釉质表面的定向生长,然而,激光虽可杀灭表层细菌,减少生物膜干扰,但仍需联合抗菌剂方能实现长效作用[57]

6  植物多酚复合物

植物多酚是一类来源于植物的天然化合物,因其广泛的生物活性而受到关注。在口腔领域,多酚可通过抑制变异链球菌的粘附、干扰致龋菌代谢酶(如葡糖基转移酶)活性、减少葡聚糖合成、破坏生物膜结构等发挥直接抗菌作用。此外,多酚还可螯合钙离子从而促进HAP矿化沉积[58]

有研究合成了一种负载茶多酚(tea polyphenols,TP)-ACP的羧甲基壳聚糖/溶菌酶纳米凝胶(tea polyphenols-loaded amorphous calcium phosphate-embedded carboxymethyl chitosan/lysozyme nanogel,TP-ACP@CMC/LYZ)。其中,TP通过酚羟基和苯环与蛋白质形成氢键或疏水结构,增强抗菌活性。中高浓度的TP可以增强变异链球菌纳米凝胶体系的杀菌能力,并显著抑制牙釉质表面变异链球菌生物膜的形成。此外,在大鼠体内进行的再矿化实验显示:经过大鼠口腔唾液冲刷和进食过程中的机械摩擦后,脱矿的牙釉质表面仍然均匀地覆盖着一层矿物层。然而,研究[59]发现:新形成的牙釉质表面存在裂纹,可能与矿化层的硬度不均匀有关(表1)。

7  总结与展望

本文综述了当前牙釉质再矿化的多种材料体系,包括氟化物、CS、釉原蛋白、多肽、纳米材料及植物多酚复合物等。尽管各类材料在不同程度上展现出抑菌和再矿化能力,但其生物稳定性、长效性及临床适应性仍有待进一步优化。未来研究可聚焦于开发兼具抗菌、再矿化、抗敏感、抗氧化等多功能一体化新型复合材料,以pH值/酶等智能响应系统实现按需释放长效抗菌剂和矿化离子,精准复刻牙釉质“釉柱-间质”层级结构,恢复天然牙釉质般力学性能。同时,可以致力于与人工智能深度融合,通过机器学习优化材料设计,深度学习解析牙釉质多级结构,驱动仿生制造与工艺自优化,实现口腔修复材料可预测开发与个性化制备。

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