精神疾病与牙周疾病关联性的研究进展

连莹莹 ,  赵蕾

国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (06) : 832 -838.

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国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (06) : 832 -838. DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025099
综述

精神疾病与牙周疾病关联性的研究进展

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Research progress on the correlation between mental illness and periodontal diseases

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摘要

近年来精神疾病的患病率在全球均呈逐年上升的趋势,精神健康问题越来越受到重视,而精神疾病在牙周疾病发生发展中扮演的角色亦逐渐受到学术界关注。精神状态异常可触发一系列生理反应,包括下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴激活、自主神经系统失衡以及免疫系统功能改变,这些反应通过影响骨形成、细菌毒力强弱、血管功能和免疫功能等,参与调控了牙周组织的健康状态。服用精神疾病类药物对牙周状态也有一定影响。本文系统阐释了精神疾病通过神经—内分泌—免疫网络调控牙周健康的多元机制,并将精神类药物纳入牙周病治疗的讨论框架,以期为建立精神疾病与口腔健康的跨学科防治策略提供一定参考。

Abstract

In recent years, with the rising pressure faced by people, mental health problems have become progressively conspicuous. The prevalence of mental illness has been increasing annually on a global scale, and its potential role in perio-dontal disease development has gradually attracted academic attention. Abnormal mental states can initiate various physiological responses, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis over-activation, autonomic nervous system imbalance, and immune system dysfunction. These responses are involved in the regulation of periodontal tissue health by affecting bone formation, bacterial virulence, vascular function, and immune responses. Furthermore, numerous studies have indicated that the use of psychotropic medications has a certain impact on periodontal health. However, current research on the relationship and mechanisms between the two remains limited. This study systematically elucidates the multifaceted mechanisms through which mental disorders regulate periodontal health via the neuro-endocrine-immune network. It also incorporates psychotropic medications into the therapeutic discourse on periodontal disease management. The findings aim to provide a theoretical foundation for developing interdisciplinary prevention and treatment strategies integrating mental and oral healthcare.

关键词

精神疾病 / 牙周病 / 下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴 / 致病机制

Key words

mental illness / periodontal disease / hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis / pathogenesis

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连莹莹,赵蕾. 精神疾病与牙周疾病关联性的研究进展[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2025, 52(06): 832-838 DOI:10.7518/gjkq.2025099

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随着社会的进步和生活水平的提高,人们面临的精神压力也呈递增趋势。压力作为精神疾病的主要环境风险因素[1],其潜在危害性日益凸显。因精神健康问题就诊的人逐年增加,这一现象也引起了人们的广泛关注。精神疾病是指一组以个体在认知、情绪调节或行为方面出现临床上显著障碍为特征的综合征,这些障碍通常与个人、家庭或社会等领域中经历的痛苦或损害相关联[2]。这些疾病可以是轻微的,如短暂的情绪波动等;也可能比较严重,如精神分裂症等。抑郁和焦虑是最常见的两种精神卫生疾患。据世界卫生组织估计,中国约有5 400万人患抑郁症,4 100万人患有焦虑症,其他精神卫生疾患包括双相情感障碍、精神分裂症和睡眠障碍等[3]。患有精神疾病的人吸烟、过度饮酒的可能性更高[4]。这些行为以及精神状态异常也是牙周疾病的危险因素[5]。牙周炎是由细菌介导的慢性炎症性破坏性疾病[6]。精神疾病的病理生理途径有下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)、自主神经系统和免疫系统等多条通路[7-8],这些机制亦可能直接或间接影响个体的牙周健康[9-11]。近年来精神疾病与牙周疾病之间的紧密联系引起越来越多的学者关注,但目前关于2种疾病之间的作用及其潜在机制的探讨仍显不足。本文汇总分析近年来相关领域的研究进展,并探讨其潜在机制,为理解精神疾病与牙周疾病之间的复杂关系提供参考。

1  精神疾病与牙周疾病的关系

口腔健康状况和精神障碍之间存在复杂和密切的关联。目前的主要观点为精神疾病是牙周疾病的重要促进因素。Turner等[12]通过系统回顾33篇相关研究,并对其中13篇进行meta分析,结果显示:与正常人群相比,重度精神疾病患者常伴有口腔卫生措施执行不佳等问题,包括牙科就诊少[比值比(odds ratio,OR)为0.46,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)为0.32~0.65,P<0.001]、刷牙频率低(OR=0.19,95% CI为0.08~0.42,P<0.001),易造成牙菌斑堆积。牙菌斑生物膜作为牙周病的始动因子,其内的微生物可直接或间接引起牙周组织破坏,从而促进牙周疾病的发生发展。Coelho等[13]通过深入研究,证明烦躁、焦虑和抑郁等常见精神异常症状的严重程度与牙周炎呈正相关性,精神疾病患者发生牙周炎的概率是正常人群的1.45倍,即[粗概率比(the crude prevalence ratio,PRcrude)为1.45,95% CI为1.09~1.93,P=0.01]。还有研究[14]对精神疾病患者的牙周疾病相关6种口腔状况(自评口腔健康、牙龈出血、牙齿松动、拔牙、牙龈疾病、牙齿周围骨质丧失)进行横向及纵向分析,发现抑郁或焦虑等内在化问题与患者口腔状况不良存在密切关联,与未患精神疾病的受试者相比,精神疾病患者出现牙龈出血的概率高1.3倍,自我评估口腔健康状况为不佳的概率上升1.4倍,这可能对患者口腔健康产生长期影响。Wu等[15]发现患有双相情感障碍的青少年,患牙周炎的风险增加[风险比(hazard ratio,HR)为2.96,95% CI为2.77~3.17)],进一步证实精神障碍是牙周炎的危险因素。

尽管目前的主要研究聚焦于精神疾病对牙周疾病(主要为牙周炎)的影响,但也有研究指出牙周疾病亦可能是精神疾病的危险因素之一。Zheng等[16]对18项研究进行Meta分析,发现与牙周健康者相比,患有牙周疾病的人群抑郁量表评分[标准化均数差(standard mean difference,SMD)为1.05,95% CI为0.68~1.41]和焦虑量表评分(SMD=0.70,95% CI为0.44~0.96)均更高。Wang 等[17]的研究纳入305 188名受试者,结果显示:牙周疾病与抑郁和/或焦虑风险增加显著相关(HR为1.14,95% CI为1.10~1.19)。还有研究[18]指出:中至重度牙周炎与抑郁症并发癌症患者相关死亡风险的增加有关(HR为3.22,95% CI为1.51~6.83,P=0.002)。

近年来,采用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)分析来推断因果关系成为研究热点。一项大样本量(牙周炎n1=45 563,精神疾病n2=716 527)的双向MR研究[19]揭示:遗传预测的重度抑郁症增加了牙周炎的风险(OR为2.15,95% CI为1.24~3.75,P=0.01),且吸烟和饮酒会影响该关联。但Tong等[20]从基因方面评估的结果显示:牙周炎与10种精神疾病无潜在的双向因果关系[逆方差加权法(inverse-variance weighted,IVW),正向:P>0.089;反向:P>0.068)。综合看来,对于MR分析的结果还需辩证看待。有关种植体周炎与精神疾病关系的研究还相对较少。Bera等[21]纳入7篇研究,实验组(患有精神疾病或服用抗精神疾病的药物)1 192颗植体中有1 069颗存活,对照组4 812颗植体中有4 677颗存活(OR为2.58,95% CI为1.93~3.43,P<0.001),提示患有精神疾病或服用相关药物的个体种植体失败率可能较高。

综合上述研究结果,精神疾病与牙周疾病之间可能存在双向促进关系,即精神疾病可能增加牙周疾病的发病风险,而牙周疾病亦可能成为精神疾病的诱发因素之一;但二者之间的具体机制仍需深入研究加以阐明。

2  精神疾病和牙周疾病之间可能的影响机制

2.1  精神疾病影响牙周病的可能机制

2.1.1  HPA轴

在抑郁、焦虑、精神分裂等多种精神疾病状态下,均可观察到 HPA轴的过度活跃现象[22-23]。应激状态下,HPA轴激活使皮质醇(内源性糖皮质激素)水平升高,不仅影响代谢和心血管系统[24],还可能是牙周炎的潜在危险因素[25]。HPA轴过度活跃与牙周炎进展之间的关联可能体现在以下几个方面。1)糖皮质激素可增加核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)的表达,同时降低其可溶性受体骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)在牙周组织基质细胞和成骨细胞中的表达,进而使骨吸收增加[26]。2)长期暴露于高水平糖皮质激素,可通过微小RNA-601(microRNA-601,miR-601)/沉寂信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)信号通路,使骨髓间充质干细胞从成骨细胞谱系向成脂细胞谱系分化,从而加速其老化,最终影响骨质形成[27]。3)高浓度的皮质醇可能通过影响对细菌移动和相互作用必需的Ⅸ型分泌系统(type Ⅸ secretion system,T9SS)相关基因mfa5的表达,促进牙龈卟啉单胞菌的表面迁移[28],从而加快牙周炎的疾病进程。4)HPA轴激活后,皮质醇浓度增加,导致Th1/Th2平衡转向Th2主导,从而介导牙周炎的发生[29]。5)糖皮质激素通过抑制分泌性免疫球蛋白的产生和中性粒细胞功能,产生免疫抑制,可能会降低牙周组织对微生物的抵抗力,使牙周组织更易遭到破坏[30]。总之,过度活跃的HPA轴通过促进骨吸收、加快牙周致病菌迁移以及抑制免疫等多种途径促进了牙周疾病的进程。

2.1.2  儿茶酚胺类神经递质

在抑郁、焦虑等状态下,交感神经也会被过度激活[31-32],进而产生儿茶酚胺类神经递质,如肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺等。这些神经递质可直接作用于牙周组织,通过调节成骨细胞中肾上腺素β2受体的表达调控骨形成和骨量[33],对牙槽骨产生影响;或增加牙龈组织前列腺素和蛋白酶的分泌水平,发挥血管加压作用,减少牙龈血流量,导致牙周组织无法正常摄取氧气和营养;而这一系列效应使牙周组织对细菌的抵抗力降低,最终造成牙周支持组织破坏[34]。这些神经递质还可影响口腔致病菌的特性。Graziano等[35]的实验证明:儿茶酚胺类神经递质可增强牙龈卟啉单胞菌的毒力,增加铁摄取相关基因hmuR、氧化应激相关基因tpx、oxyR、dps、sodB和aphC及致病基因hem、hagA和ragA的表达,从而加快牙周炎发展。此外,儿茶酚胺类能够调节多种宿主免疫功能,包括调节免疫细胞产生促炎细胞因子,例如白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)等[36]。有研究[37]显示精神疾病,如精神分裂症、双相情感障碍和重度抑郁症患者中常观察到血液中炎症细胞因子增加。一方面,TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)等炎症细胞因子通过全身血液循环到达牙周组织,在牙周炎等炎症性溶骨状态下作用于破骨细胞和表达RANKL的细胞,促进破骨细胞分化和激活[38]。另一方面,在抑郁等疾病状态下,大脑中的血脑屏障功能出现异常[39]。外周炎症细胞因子可以通过刺激细胞膜外受体等途径渗透血脑屏障,进入脑组织,脑组织中IL-1和IL-6等细胞因子浓度持续升高,激活并维持HPA轴过度活跃状态,产生大量糖皮质激素(如皮质醇等),从而通过前述机制如促进骨吸收等多种途径促进牙周炎的发生发展[40],同时HPA轴过度活跃促进位于中枢神经系统的小胶质细胞产生促炎细胞因子,引起大脑的炎性状态[41],进一步加重了神经炎性,加快抑郁、焦虑等疾病进程。

综上,儿茶酚胺类神经递质在口腔健康中扮演着复杂而关键的角色。它们通过影响骨形成、血管功能、细菌毒力和免疫功能等多个方面,直接或间接地参与了牙周炎等口腔疾病的发病过程。

2.1.3  昼夜节律紊乱

昼夜节律作为生命体内部的一种自我调节机制,精确调控着生物体的生理与行为节奏,包括但不限于睡眠—觉醒周期、核心体温波动、激素分泌的周期性变化以及情绪状态起伏。昼夜节律的核心基因,如脑和肌肉芳香烃受体核转运样蛋白1(brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1,BMAL1)、昼夜节律运动输出周期基因(circadian locomotor output cycle kaput,CLOCK)、周期基因(period,PER)和隐花色素(cryptochrome,CRY),共同编织着这一复杂的调控网络。前两者是正向调控因子,共同驱动着节律的周期性变化;后两者属于负向调控因子,确保节律的稳定性与可持续性[42]。许多精神疾病患者,如重度抑郁症、双相情感障、焦虑和精神分裂症等,常常伴随着昼夜节律紊乱[42]。值得注意的是,有研究[43]表明昼夜节律与口腔健康之间存在密切的联系。昼夜节律紊乱会使BMAL1表达下调,并激活NF-κB信号通路,促进牙周炎症细胞因子的表达,导致细胞因子风暴,从而加剧牙周炎症和牙槽骨破坏[43]。在比较生物节律紊乱和牙周炎共病的大鼠与单纯牙周炎组大鼠的牙龈组织时,发现前者BMAL1的表达量降低,且牙周支持组织的破坏更为严重(P<0.05)[44]。此外,Xie等[45]的研究发现:BMAL1敲除引起的昼夜节律紊乱可通过NF-κB通路促进氧化应激反应,加剧牙龈卟啉单胞菌诱导的动脉粥样硬化。这些发现提示:昼夜节律紊乱可能通过激活牙周组织氧化应激和炎症反应加快牙周炎及相关系统性疾病的进展。Ma等[46]的研究结果进一步揭示了昼夜节律紊乱可能通过促进赖氨酸去甲基化酶6A(lysine demethylase 6A,kdm6a)的表达调控巨噬细胞不同表型在牙周组织的浸润和活化水平,促进炎症反应和牙槽骨吸收而加重牙周炎,为进一步探究生物节律紊乱在牙周炎进程中的具体作用机制提供了新思路。

2.2  牙周疾病影响精神疾病的可能机制

虽然目前已有流行病学研究[16-18]表明牙周疾病可增加患精神疾病的风险,但关于牙周疾病影响精神疾病的机制还未得到广泛研究,需要进一步深入探索。有限的已发表的研究揭示了牙周疾病可能影响精神疾病的潜在机制,主要可以归纳为以下2个方面。其一,口—肠—脑轴(oral-gut-brain axis)途径。在牙周炎状态下,口腔微生物群落结构发生改变,牙周袋内壁的上皮屏障受损。同时,受扰动的唾液微生物群落进入肠道,引起肠道微生物群落的改变,进而导致肠道黏膜屏障损伤。这两种情况均使得口腔和肠道微生物或其代谢物更易进入血液循环,触发系统性炎症反应,如血清C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平升高。在牙周炎的情况下,血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)的完整性受损,使得先前进入血液循环的致病微生物、微生物代谢产物及循环炎症因子易于进入大脑,加剧神经炎症,从而引起认知障碍。细菌产物,如脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)能够激活TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,引发神经炎症反应。牙周炎可能通过激活LPS/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,引发神经炎症反应和认知障碍[17,47]。其二,HPA轴途径。牙龈卟啉单胞菌来源的LPS可激活HPA轴,使应激激素和神经递质释放增加,糖皮质激素和大脑中与情绪相关区域(包括内侧前额叶皮质、海马和杏仁核)的糖皮质激素受体结合,影响突触传递、突触结构的可塑性以及引起神经功能的改变[48]。HPA轴过度活跃会产生过量皮质醇,造成大脑海马回中的神经元损伤,导致以海马回为主要组成部分的情感调节中枢功能失常[49],从而促进抑郁、焦虑、双相情感障碍等精神疾病的进展。由此可见,牙周疾病可能通过“口—肠—脑轴”途径和“HAP轴”等复杂机制影响精神疾病的发生发展。

3  精神疾病类药物对牙周状况的影响

基于前述的研究结果可以推测,服用精神疾病类药物可能对牙周状况产生一定的影响。Liu等[50]通过系统性评价证明:褪黑素用于辅助牙周非手术治疗可明显改善牙周状况。另有研究[6,51]显示:褪黑素可促进炎症牙槽骨的修复及再生,也可通过调控TLR4/NF‑κB通路有效预防种植体周炎。此外,选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,SSRI)作为治疗抑郁症的常用药物[52],在牙周疾病中的作用也引起不少学者关注,但目前研究结论并不一致。Hakam等[53]的研究证明服用抗抑郁药(包括SSIR)的牙周炎患者骨丧失和临床附着丧失水平明显减少。ALHarthi等[54]的研究结果则与此不同,认为服用SSRI患者的牙周状况与对照组相比并无明显改善。流行病学调查[55]显示:SSRI会减少骨密度并增加骨折风险,提示使用SSIR可能会对牙周炎患者的牙槽骨情况产生负性影响。一项Meta分析[56]结果表明:不论是在患者水平还是种植体水平,使用SSRI者的种植失败率(患者水平为5.6%~19.6%,种植体水平为5.6%~12.5%)均高于非SSRI使用者(1.9%~8.0%和1.9%~5.8%)。二代抗精神病药物氯氮平(clozapine,CLO)或奥氮平(olanzapine,OLA)也会增加实验性牙周炎雌性鼠的骨丧失[57]。目前尽管一些药物显示出积极的治疗效果,但其他药物可能带来不良的影响。目前仍需要更多可靠和深入的研究来明确这些药物在牙周疾病治疗中的具体效果和机制,以便为临床决策提供更为准确的依据。

4  小结

本文综合近年的研究探讨了精神疾病与牙周疾病之间的复杂关系以及两者之间潜在的相关影响机制,发现抗精神疾病药物对牙周健康的影响仍存在不确定性。目前关于精神疾病与牙周疾病关系的研究仍显不足,尚需进一步探究其潜在机制。未来可探索精神疾病与牙周疾病的共同生物学途径,以期发现新的治疗靶点和模式,以改善患者的牙周健康状况和精神状态。

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基金资助

四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC0553)

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