泛凋亡在口腔疾病中的研究进展

朱玄德 ,  陈冠辉

国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (3) : 433 -440.

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国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (3) : 433 -440. DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026104
综述

泛凋亡在口腔疾病中的研究进展

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Research progress of PANoptosis in oral diseases

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摘要

细胞程序性死亡是维持宿主免疫和内环境稳态的一种重要机制,对于病原体和宿主间的平衡至关重要。泛凋亡是近年来新提出的一种细胞死亡方式,主要由泛凋亡复合体调控,同时具有凋亡、焦亡、坏死性凋亡的特征。目前越来越多的研究聚焦于泛凋亡参与口腔疾病的机制,本文将泛凋亡的定义、特征、调控机制及其与口腔疾病的潜在关系作一综述,旨在为口腔疾病的检测、预防和治疗提供可能的解决思路。

Abstract

Programmed cell death (PCD) serves as a crucial mechanism for maintaining host innate immunity, homeostasis, and the balance between pathogens and the host. PANoptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is primarily regulated by the PANoptosome complex and concurrently exhibits the features of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Oral diseases, which significantly impact the quality of life and general health of patients, are a major concern. Interest in the underlying mechanisms of PANoptosis involved in oral diseases is currently increasing. This review explains the definition, characteristics, regulatory mechanisms of PANoptosis and its potential relationship with oral di-seases, aiming to offer possible solutions for the detection, prevention, and treatment of oral diseases.

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关键词

程序性细胞死亡 / 泛凋亡 / 泛凋亡复合体 / 口腔疾病

Key words

programmed cell death / PANoptosis / PANoptosome / oral disease

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朱玄德,陈冠辉. 泛凋亡在口腔疾病中的研究进展[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2026, 53(3): 433-440 DOI:10.7518/gjkq.2026104

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程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)作为一种宿主防御和免疫反应的重要机制,是维持正常细胞周期和组织内稳态的重要条件,其重要性几乎与细胞增殖同样重要[1]。泛凋亡是一种新发现的细胞程序性死亡,于2019由Subbarao Malireddi等[2]提出,随着其具体机制的逐步阐明,它与口腔疾病间的联系逐渐被重视。本文将针对泛凋亡的定义、特点、机制以及与口腔疾病间的潜在关系作一综述。

1  泛凋亡的定义及特征

细胞死亡命名委员会(Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death,NCCD)在2018年的指南[3]中从形态学、生物化学和功能的角度对细胞死亡进行了标准化的描述和定义,并更新了细胞死亡子程序分类。其中凋亡分为内源性和外源性凋亡,内源性凋亡是由B细胞淋巴瘤2蛋白(B-cell lymphoma 2 protein,BCL-2)家族控制的,其关键步骤为广泛且不可逆的线粒体外膜通透化,而外源性凋亡是在由死亡受体或依赖性受体的刺激下导致Fas相关死亡域(Fas-associated death domain,FADD)和胱天蛋白酶(Caspase)-8的募集及下游反应的发生[3-4];焦亡则根据其对Caspase-1是否依赖分为2型,典型通路依赖Caspase-1促进白细胞介素-1β(interleukin,IL-1β)和IL-18的成熟和分泌,并切割成孔蛋白D(Gasdermin D,GSDMD),在细胞膜上形成膜孔,进一步导致细胞肿胀和破裂;而非典型通路则与人Caspase-4/5、鼠Caspase-11、Caspase-3 或 Caspase-8有关[5-6];坏死性凋亡是由丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1(receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1,RIPK1)自磷酸化后激活RIPK3激酶,诱导形成坏死性凋亡复合体,进而激活混合谱系激酶区域样蛋白(mixed lineage kinase domain-like,MLKL),导致细胞膜通透和裂解[7-8]

泛凋亡是一种细胞炎症性死亡,由特定的触发器激活,并由泛凋亡复合体(PANoptosome)调控,具有焦亡、凋亡和(或)坏死性凋亡的关键特征,但不能单独由其中任何一种来解释[9]。当它被激活时,仅阻断单通路不能预防细胞死亡[10],反而会使得整个泛凋亡系统失衡,从而使其他途径代偿性增强[11]。在泛凋亡中起重要作用的结构是一类多分子复合物即泛凋亡复合体,其结构与炎症小体类似,核心结构包括3类:传感器分子如Z-DNA 结合蛋白1(Z-DNA binding protein 1,ZBP1)、支架及酶分子如RIPK3、Caspase-1/8、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)和效应器分子如GSDMD、Caspase-3/7、MLKL[9,12]。传感器能启动泛凋亡复合体的形成,提供分子支架,促进其他分子的激活及相互作用,最终由下游的效应器接收信号并执行。

泛凋亡对于机体而言,一方面能够通过消除感染细胞和提供功能冗余来克服病原体免疫逃避从而有利于宿主控制病原体的入侵,另一方面在细菌感染中也可能参与其致病作用,目前的研究表明泛凋亡与感染性疾病、神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病[4,12-13]及本文提及的口腔疾病密切相关。

2  泛凋亡死亡途径的调控机制及重要分子

不同的刺激能诱导不同的泛凋亡复合体,目前有文献证实的泛凋亡复合体包括:ZBP1复合体、黑色素瘤缺乏因子2(absent in melanoma 2,AIM2)复合体、RIPK1复合体、含NLR家族 pyrin 结构域12(NOD-like receptors family pyrin domain containing 12,NLRP12)复合体。虽然组成有所区别,但它们对于下游效应器的诱导是类似的。泛凋亡复合体形成后能通过活性Caspase-1将前体pro-IL-1β、pro-IL-18切割成活性形式,并处理GSDMD以释放其n端,该n端在细胞膜内形成孔,允许促炎细胞因子的释放并诱导焦亡[10,14];通过Caspase-3/6/7诱导凋亡;通过RIPK1-RIPK3磷酸化MLKL,促进坏死性凋亡,各途径间存在相互作用,即诱导泛凋亡的发生(图1[15]。泛凋亡复合体中起关键作用的分子如下。

2.1  ZBP1

ZBP1包含多个结构域,其中Zα2能行使DNA结合功能[16]。IAV感染时,ZBP1通过Zα2感知其RNA而被激活[17],促进包含ZBP1、RIPK1、RIPK3、MLKL、FADD、Caspase-1/6/8、NLRP3和ASC在内的ZBP1泛凋亡复合体[10]的形成和组装,并诱导泛凋亡的激活[18]。其他研究[19]表明Caspase-6也参与ZBP1介导的NLRP3炎症小体激活,并能增强ZBP1和RIPK3之间的相互作用;而在新型冠状病毒感染中,也有发现ZBP1的表达在干扰素(interferon,IFN)-β治疗所导致的细胞死亡中上调并诱导泛凋亡[20]

2.2  AIM2

AIM2包含2个结构域,其中HIN-200结构域能与双链DNA(double-stranded DNA,dsDNA)结合,而Pyrin结构域则促进适配器蛋白ASC的募集。研究[21]发现:在HSV1以及F. novicida感染期间,AIM2、Pyrin和ZBP1通过与ASC、Caspase-1、Caspase-8、RIPK3、RIPK1和FADD相互作用形成AIM2泛凋亡复合体,诱导泛凋亡和细胞因子释放。

2.3  受体相互作用的RIPK1

RIPK1具有潜在的支架功能,能介导蛋白间的相互作用[22]。研究[23]发现:Yersinia感染能在不依赖ZBP1的调控下诱导包含RIPK1与Caspase-8、FADD、NLRP3、ASC、RIPK3在内的RIPK1泛凋亡复合体。而不依赖其激酶活性时,RIPK1能通过募集核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)必需调节蛋白(NF-κB essential modulator,NEMO)参与NF-κB活化,进而诱导细胞型Fas相关死亡域样白介素-1β转换酶抑制蛋白(cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme inhibitory protein,c-FLIP)的表达并阻断凋亡,也能通过募集的Caspase活性阻断坏死性凋亡[24]

另外,RIPK1的变化会使细胞死亡通路失衡。研究[25]发现:敲除肠道上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cell,IEC)中的RIPK1可致其死亡,说明RIPK1对IEC存活和维持肠道稳态至关重要;当RIPK1过表达的情况下,也有研究[26]表明这会诱导细胞凋亡。

值得一提的是,TAK1介导的RIPK1中间结构域磷酸化在泛凋亡中也有重要作用:当RIPK1中间结构域的磷酸化被阻断时,会诱导RIPK1依赖性细胞凋亡;而当其过度磷酸化时则会诱导坏死性凋亡[2,27];缺乏TAK1可诱导自发性RIPK1依赖性泛凋亡的发生[28]

2.4  NLRP12

NLRP12同样是一种与泛凋亡有关的传感器。研究[29-30]发现:PAMP信号能激活TLR2/4,通过下游适配器MyD88增加干扰素调节因子1(interferon regulatory factor,IRF1)表达和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成,进一步诱导NLRP12表达并与ASC、NLRP3、Caspase-8和RIPK3等分子相互作用,形成NLRP12泛凋亡复合体以诱导泛凋亡。

3  泛凋亡在口腔疾病中的应用

已有研究证实泛凋亡在口腔疾病包括牙周疾病、口腔黏膜疾病、牙髓及根尖周疾病、口腔颌面部肿瘤中具有重要的调控作用,具体如下。

3.1  泛凋亡与牙周疾病

过往研究多偏向于研究单种细胞死亡途径与牙周疾病之间的联系,泛凋亡提出以来,有研究[31-33]给出了泛凋亡死亡途径的关键蛋白,并证实了牙周炎组织或龈沟液中泛凋亡相关的GSDMD、NLRP3、Caspase-1/3、BCL-2、MLKL和IL-1β等分子的上调,这表明泛凋亡复合体相关蛋白广泛存在于牙周疾病相关的组织和细胞内。

研究指出牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalisP. gingivalis)能够诱导牙周组织的多种细胞中发生泛凋亡。对于成纤维细胞(fibroblasts,FB),P. gingivalis能够通过脂多糖显著增加凋亡相关的凋亡肽酶激活因子1(apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1,APAF-1)、Caspase-3/9等分子[34]及焦亡相关的Caspase-1、NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、GSDMD等分子表达[35],从而降低宿主再生或组织修复的能力;对于牙周韧带干细胞(periodontal ligament stem cell,PDLSC),P. gingivalis的感染能够上调Caspase-3、BCL-2相关X蛋白(BCL-2-associated X protein,Bax)、Caspase-4、GSDMD、IL-1β、MLKL等泛凋亡关键分子[33,35-37]而抑制PDLSC的更新与分化潜能,其具体机制可能与某些特定的分子如分化胚胎软骨细胞2(differentiated embryonic chondrocytes 2,Dec2)[38]及microRNA有关[39];此外,P. gingivalis感染单核细胞后会出现显著的坏死性凋亡,继而使其释放危险相关分子模式(danger-associated molecular patterns,DAMP),促进PDLSC、FB发生坏死性凋亡,诱发炎症和组织损伤[33,40-41]。而在使用坏死性凋亡抑制剂(如GSK’872、sh-MLKL)或者是选择性抑制某些关键分子如细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶9(cyclin-dependent kinases,CDK9)[42]后,则能减轻牙周组织炎症和牙槽吸收[43]

但也有研究者[33]发现了不同的结果:在抑制MLKL后能降低P. gingivalis引起的细胞死亡,而抑制RIPK1却增加了细胞死亡,这或许与上文提到的RIPK1能通过调控NF-κB而促进细胞生存的功能有关;另一些研究者[35,44]发现:用P. gingivalis感染FB后,焦亡相关蛋白的表达升高,而坏死性凋亡相关mRNA的表达却无显著差异,这或许需要进一步实验来验证其他水平中两者的相关性和差异性

这些研究表明牙周组织的损伤中存在着广泛的且并非单一途径的PCD,为泛凋亡在牙周疾病的参与提供了证据。

3.2  泛凋亡与口腔黏膜疾病

泛凋亡与口腔黏膜疾病间也存在重要联系,而较多的证据集中于C. albicans和HSV这2种微生物上。

研究[18]发现:在鼠巨噬细胞和人外周血单个核细胞感染白色念珠菌后,泛凋亡相关分子的表达呈现剂量依赖性增高,且ZBP1是该过程的顶端传感器。其他的研究[45]表明:C. albicans感染后能被NLRP3和含NLR家族Caspase酶募集域蛋白(caspase recruitment domain protein,CARD)结构域4(NLR family CARD domain containing 4,NLRC4)炎性小体识别,虽然机制有所区别,但它们在控制真菌感染、募集中性粒细胞及早期预防传播中都有重要作用,并被证实与焦亡间存在联系;C. albicans感染后能被树突状细胞相关的C型凝集素- 1(dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1,Dectin-1)受体识别,通过CARD9介导髓细胞的坏死性凋亡,从而募集更多的免疫细胞以抵御感染[46]

对于HSV-1,此前有研究报道HSV-1在人和小鼠体内对于PCD的诱导结果相反,在小鼠细胞中由病毒蛋白ICP6直接诱导坏死性凋亡,而在人体内却能抑制凋亡和坏死性凋亡,但原因还未完全证实[47-49]

近期的研究[21]表明:HSV-1感染能诱导AIM2泛凋亡复合体的形成而调控泛凋亡,这对于宿主防御病毒感染以及调节免疫反应有非常重要的意义。

3.3  泛凋亡与牙髓及根尖周疾病

P. gingivalis外,另外2种细菌在牙髓及根尖周疾病中也能诱导泛凋亡。具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatumF. nucleatum)作为原发性根尖牙周炎根管中最常检测出的菌群之一[50],其外囊泡(extracellular vesicle,EV)能通过FADD-RIPK1-Caspase-3通路参与IEC的凋亡,也能上调RIPK1和RIPK3,诱导坏死性凋亡[51];而对于根尖周疾病,在被感染的组织和巨噬细胞中能检测到ZBP1的表达随时间的增加而增加,从而导致下游GSDMD、Caspase-3裂解和MLKL的磷酸化,而敲除ZBP1后能抑制其发生,这表明F. nucleatum在根尖周感染中具有通过ZBP1调控泛凋亡的能力[52]

此外,粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalisE. faecalis)在根尖周炎中也具有诱导泛凋亡的潜能。研究者[53- 54]E. faecalis感染的人成骨MG63细胞中检测到明显的细胞凋亡、焦亡和坏死性凋亡,这对根尖病变的愈合及骨生长是不利的;而E. faecalis同样能参与免疫细胞的泛凋亡途径,研究[55]发现:低感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)的E. faecalis感染的鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞并未出现明显的死亡,这或许有助于菌群的存活和感染的传播,而高MOI的E. faecalis感染后却能检测到细胞中泛凋亡相关分子表达增加。

3.4  泛凋亡与口腔颌面部肿瘤

泛凋亡在口腔颌面部肿瘤中的具体参与机制虽然尚未可知,但两者间的联系是可以肯定的。研究[56]发现:在黑色素瘤中,泛凋亡标志物如ZBP1、Caspase-8和GSDMD的表达与其生存预后呈正相关,并提出通过激活ZBP1可能能够诱导黑色素瘤细胞死亡;而ADAR1也是一种潜在的治疗靶点,其ADAR1-p150亚型能与RIPK3竞争性结合ZBP1,抑制泛凋亡的发生从而有利于黑色素瘤的生长,此时联合使用IFN和核输出抑制剂(nuclear export signal,NEI)能限制ADAR1从细胞核内的转移,解除其对于ZBP1的抑制作用并诱导泛凋亡,导致肿瘤体积显著减少[57]。类似的研究[58]证明:联合使用肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α和IFN-γ也能通过介导Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)-信号传导和转录激活蛋白(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT1)-IRF1通路诱导黑色素瘤细胞系的泛凋亡,从而抑制肿瘤生长。

对于头颈部鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC),也可以通过对泛凋亡相关基因的分析来预测HNSCC患者的预后,如FADD可能与淋巴结转移有关,ZBP1可能影响着肿瘤大小和临床分期,针对这些特定靶点的研究或许能够有助于HNSCC的临床治疗[59-60]

4  未来展望

泛凋亡在宿主免疫中具有关键意义,且目前的研究指出泛凋亡与口腔疾病间存在重要的联系[61]。本文将泛凋亡的概念、调控机制及其与口腔疾病间的关系进行了总结,同时也发现了目前研究存在的一些局限:首先泛凋亡研究的时间尚短,具体的机制及在特定疾病中的关键靶点尚未完全证实;并且目前的研究也只聚焦于有限的菌群和宿主间的关联,是否有其他的调控方式或影响因素尚未明了;再者,对于泛凋亡实际应用于临床治疗的方式还需要大量研究,如诱导剂或者抑制剂的选择;最后,口腔疾病绝非是单一而局限的,它与全身的免疫与健康相关,特别是像牙周炎这种疾病,那么泛凋亡死亡途径对于牙周组织的影响是否与全身的疾病相关,而它是否能成为同时调控口腔全身疾病的一种新的治疗途径,这些问题都需要进一步研究和回答。

当然,泛凋亡毫无疑问在口腔疾病中有着广阔应用前景,研究者也迫切地希望能研究透彻泛凋亡的机制,为口腔疾病的检测、预防和治疗寻求更新更好的方法。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82303794)

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