纳米硒促进创面愈合的作用机制及复合材料的设计策略

许来俊 ,  陈涛

国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 576 -585.

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国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 576 -585. DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026114
综述

纳米硒促进创面愈合的作用机制及复合材料的设计策略

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Mechanisms of selenium nanoparticles in promoting wound healing and design strategies of composite materials

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摘要

创面愈合过程涉及多种复杂调控机制,其中感染、氧化应激和炎症等因素可能导致愈合延迟或障碍。纳米硒因抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化特性及促进细胞迁移和血管生成的能力,在加速创面愈合方面展现出巨大潜力。然而,纳米硒分散性差、溶解性低、安全浓度范围窄等缺点限制其应用。通过与高分子材料、金属等复合,可显著改善其稳定性、机械强度及优化生物学性能,以满足感染性、炎症性或糖尿病等特殊创面的愈合需求。据此,本文就纳米硒生物安全性、在不同创面愈合中的修复机制及其复合材料的设计策略进行总结,以期为未来纳米硒复合材料在口腔颌面部创面的设计提供新思路。

Abstract

Wound healing involves a variety of complex regulatory mechanisms, where factors such as infection, oxidative stress, and inflammation can lead to delayed or impaired healing. Nanoselenium potentially accelerates wound hea-ling because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and its ability to promote cell migration and angiogenesis. However, the poor dispersibility, low solubility, and narrow safety concentration range of nanoselenium li-mit its applications. When combined with polymers, metals, and other materials, its stability, mechanical strength, and biological performance can be considerably improved to enhance the healing of special wounds, such as infectious, inflammatory, and diabetic wounds. This study summarizes the biological safety and repair mechanisms of nano-selenium in different wound healing contexts and design strategies for nano-selenium composite materials, aiming to provide novel insights into nanoselenium composite materials in oral and maxillofacial wound healing.

Graphical abstract

关键词

纳米硒 / 复合材料 / 抗菌 / 创面愈合

Key words

selenium nanoparticle / composite material / antibacterial / wound healing

引用本文

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许来俊,陈涛. 纳米硒促进创面愈合的作用机制及复合材料的设计策略[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2026, 53(4): 576-585 DOI:10.7518/gjkq.2026114

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创面愈合是一个复杂且精细的生物过程,主要分为止血、炎症、增殖与重塑4个阶段,涉及多种细胞与组织的交互作用,各个阶段的障碍均可能导致愈合时间延长或愈合质量下降[1-2]。尤其对于慢性伤口(如糖尿病引起的溃疡),其治疗不仅耗时且常伴随较高的复发率,给社会带来了显著的经济负担。在美国,约1%的人口患有活动性或已治愈的静脉性溃疡;另有0.75%的人口受压疮困扰。据统计[3],在美国超过3 000万的糖尿病患者中,每年大约有100万人会发生足部溃疡,其中6%~7%的患者会受到严重影响。在中国,由于庞大的人口基数,这一问题显得尤为突出。根据2017年的统计数据[4],中国18岁及以上的成年人中有11.2%患有糖尿病,这意味着中国的糖尿病患者人数预计达到了1.298亿,由此带来的经济负担极为沉重。此外,口腔伤口(例如创伤后牙槽骨修复、手术或牙周破裂)在存在手术并发症、细菌感染或慢性疾病的情况下,愈合过程同样充满挑战[5-6]。但是临床上却缺乏针对这些伤口的有效敷料。传统药物敷料如纱布、水胶体、薄膜和泡沫等功能单一,仅起到物理屏障或吸收渗出液的作用[7-9],难以解决诸如耐药菌感染、氧化应激、炎症反应过度、细胞迁移障碍及血管生成受阻等问题,治疗周期较长且效果欠佳。因此,亟需研究新型促创面愈合的生物材料。
纳米材料具有体积小、表面积大、易降解等优点,有利于提高药物输送效率、促进细胞迁移并加速创面愈合[10-12]。目前,诸多学者致力于将纳米材料作为一种促进创面愈合的新材料[13]。纳米硒由于具有较高的生物相容性和低毒性,在组织工程和肿瘤治疗等领域得到广泛应用[14-15]。纳米硒不仅能抑制多种感染创面的致病菌的生长与繁殖[16],还具备抗炎、抗氧化[17]、促进细胞迁移和血管新生的功效,在创面愈合研究中潜力较大。近年来,通过将纳米硒与高分子材料、金属或其他物质复合改性,进一步增强了其促进创面愈合的效果。然而,尚缺乏纳米硒及其复合材料在创面愈合的进展总结。因此,本文就纳米硒及其复合材料的生物安全性及在创面愈合中的作用机制进行探讨,为不同的组织创面愈合提供实验依据。

1  生物安全性

硒是人体必需的微量元素,以其抗氧化和免疫调节作用著称[18]。在自然界中,硒元素主要以无机硒和有机硒2种形式存在,在人体中则以硒蛋白的形式参与许多生理功能[19-20]。研究[21-23]表明,纳米硒的毒性显著低于无机硒(如亚硒酸钠)和有机硒化合物。然而,长期或高剂量的纳米硒仍具有一定的毒性作用。在健康雄性大鼠中,纳米硒对肝细胞和实质性器官的损伤呈剂量依赖性。随着纳米硒浓度在大鼠体内占每千克体重的1.5、3~5 mg,肝脏的损害逐渐加重[24]。在啮齿动物中,纳米硒被吸收并广泛分布到胃、肝、肾、肺、肌肉、大脑、血浆、尿液和粪便中,但纳米硒在生物体内的吸收率和生物利用度低于有机硒和无机硒,且受颗粒的尺寸影响[25]。因此,通过纳米硒尺寸的控制可调控纳米硒的体内吸收率和生物利用度,间接改善其生物相容性。而将纳米硒与其他材料复合可降低纳米硒的毒性,增加纳米硒的可利用度。例如利用多糖类分子中的羟基与硒结合防止纳米硒聚集[26],或者将纳米硒包埋进复合物中实现缓慢释放[27],以及用细胞膜包被纳米硒来增强其生物相容性,减少直接接触带来的毒性[28]

2  纳米硒在创面愈合中的生物学效应及机制

创面愈合过程中,感染、过度炎症、氧化应激和血供不足等因素会延缓伤口愈合。感染刺激机体导致炎症加剧和持续,炎症和氧化应激会导致机体自身持续受损,阻止创伤愈合[29-30]。血供不足导致缺损缺氧,内皮细胞和成纤维细胞难以在创面增殖修复[31]。纳米硒因其抗菌、抗氧化和抗炎特性,在促进细胞迁移和血管生成方面效果显著。纳米硒促进创面愈合的生物学效应及机制如图1所示。

2.1  抗菌作用

创口暴露后,细菌感染及抗生素耐药性的不断上升,使临床感染性创面愈合变得愈发困难[32]。纳米硒主要通过以下机制发挥抗菌作用。1)氧化应激:纳米硒吸附在细菌表面,触发细菌细胞的氧化应激,诱导大量ROS产生,这种氧化应激从细胞壁表面逐渐向核心扩散,最终导致细胞壁破裂,引起细胞内蛋白质和多糖渗漏,并对细胞壁和胞内生物分子造成自由基损害,从而诱导细菌细胞死亡[33]。而组织细胞内存在着一套复杂的抗氧化酶系统,如超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等。纳米硒可以调节这些抗氧化酶的活性,增强组织细胞的抗氧化能力,维持组织细胞内的氧化还原平衡,起到保护细胞而不是杀伤细胞的作用[34]。2)改变细胞壁和细胞膜的通透性:纳米硒与体内带正电荷的生物有机化合物(如蛋白质或氨基酸)反应,再通过静电相互作用与带负电荷的细胞壁或细胞膜结合,形成牢固的键合,使膜快速去极化,导致细菌细胞膜通透性变化和细胞壁破坏[35]。3)破坏细胞内ATP进行代谢侵袭:纳米硒可以穿透细胞膜,与细胞内的蛋白和DNA作用,干扰ATP合成,影响细胞的代谢[36]。通过上述多种机制,纳米硒对细菌表现出高效的抗菌活性,在感染性创面的愈合过程中发挥了重要作用。纳米硒不仅对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有明显抑菌活性[37],对具有耐药性的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌也有抑菌效果[38],可有效抑制耐药性感染性伤口的细菌感染,促进伴发细菌感染的烧伤创面愈合[39]。口腔内含有多种微生物,使得口腔伤口易受感染且难以愈合。纳米硒的抗菌功效有望应用于口腔创面,预防与抑制口腔创面细菌的感染[40]

2.2  抗炎与抗氧化功效

炎症微环境是导致创面愈合时间延长的重要因素。过度的炎症反应会导致大量ROS的产生,使组织细胞进入氧化应激状态,形成炎症-微环境-炎症的恶性循环,阻碍伤口愈合[41]。纳米硒通过以下机制清除ROS,减轻创面炎症反应。首先,纳米硒可凭借氢转移活性和表面电荷直接清除自由基,在一定范围内,纳米硒的浓度越高,清除ROS的能力越强[42]。其次,纳米硒可调控抗氧化酶和炎症因子的表达。例如通过增加超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性,减少炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的产生,促进细胞中Nrf2表达及ROS清除[43-44],通过增加γ-氨基丁酸和谷胱甘肽的水平,提高机体清除自由基和消除炎症的能力[45]。纳米硒也可调节关键信号通路,减轻炎症,纳米硒可上调Nrf2/ARE中的Nrf2,加强Nrf2的活性,调节氧化应激和下调Keap1,防止Nrf2降解,并通过下调TLR4/MAPK减少NO、IL-1β和TNF-α的释放[46]。此外,纳米硒还能抑制巨噬细胞的活性,减少NO的产生,减轻炎症反应[47]。口腔颌面部软组织丰富,创面周围会产生大量ROS,严重阻碍创面的愈合,利用纳米硒抗氧化性可有效促进伤口的愈合[48]。例如,在使用皮瓣治疗口腔颌面部皮肤创面损伤时,纳米硒可通过清除组织周围ROS增强皮瓣的存活率[49]

2.3  促进细胞迁移

细胞迁移和血管生成贯穿于整个创面愈合阶段,是修复和重建损伤区域或皮肤屏障的关键过程。成纤维细胞的增殖与迁移及新血管的生成在这一过程中起着至关重要的作用。纳米硒通过多种机制促进这些关键过程,从而加速创面愈合,特别是在糖尿病创面中表现尤为显著。1)改善成纤维细胞功能:纳米硒通过屏蔽氨基,防止希夫碱的形成,减少了核糖在乳球蛋白上形成晚期糖基化终产物,改善了成纤维细胞分泌的细胞外基质,防止高糖微环境下发生过量糖化导致的细胞迁移过缓,促进糖尿病创面的愈合[50]。2)促进血管生成:纳米硒可触发VEGF信号,促进血管内皮因子的表达,刺激内皮细胞增殖、迁移、分化和存活来调节血管生成并刺激新血管的形成,并可清除ROS防止血管生成过程中的血管损伤[51]。3)促进成纤维细胞的增殖:纳米硒通过FGFR/Wnt信号通路促进成纤维细胞的增殖,促进组织基质的生长,共同促进皮肤组织再生,对由于高血糖引起的皮肤再生障碍具有一定的修复作用,促进糖尿病创面的愈合[52]

纳米硒具有抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化功效,以及促进细胞迁移和血管生成的能力,可有效促进创面组织的愈合,但纯纳米硒稳定性差、安全范围窄等缺陷限制了纳米硒在临床上的广泛使用。通过聚合物或金属等与纳米硒复合,可提高纳米硒的稳定性,降低毒性和优化生物学功效[14,53]

3  用于创面愈合的纳米硒复合材料的设计策略

纳米硒与高分子材料、金属等材料的复合材料不仅继承了纳米硒以上的优异性能,这些复合物在抗菌性能、生物相容性、药物释放调控和机械性能增强等方面表现出显著优势,为伤口愈合和药物递送提供了新的解决方案。不同复合材料的制备方法、应用和特点在表1[51,54-78]中进行了总结。

3.1  高分子材料

高分子材料可以分为天然高分子材料和合成高分子材料两大类。天然高分子材料包括壳聚糖、果胶、明胶和透明质酸等;合成高分子材料则包括聚多巴胺、聚乙烯等。这些材料与纳米硒复合后,不仅能够增强纳米硒的生物相容性和良好稳定性,还能够提供药物的可控释放,为伤口敷料和药物递送系统提供了新的解决方案[22]

3.1.1  天然高分子材料

天然高分子材料因其卓越的生物相容性、优良的机械性能及易于获取且成本低廉的优势,在生物医学领域应用广泛[48]。与纳米硒复合后其抗菌性能、生物相容性、保持伤口湿润性及促细胞黏附与增殖等效果显著。1)良好的生物相容性:天然高分子材料对细胞和组织的刺激性较小,纳米硒可以重塑天然高分子支架的蜂窝状结构,使其具备纤维结构,为细胞黏附提供有利环境,从而提升材料的生物相容性,即使存在少量纳米硒,其对细胞的毒性也可因细胞获得更有利的物理微环境而有效减少其凋亡。有研究[54-55]显示:纳米硒与壳聚糖复合因壳聚糖对纳米硒物理包裹和化学修饰,减少其与细胞的直接接触,对人成纤维细胞的代谢影响微弱,可进一步降低纳米硒对细胞的毒性。纳米硒与果胶、角蛋白及阿魏酸等材料的复合同样可增强其生物相容性。果胶具有适宜的膨胀特性,其亲水性可以减弱角蛋白的疏水性,促进细胞迁移。物理微环境的改善和复合物对纳米硒的包裹,减少其与细胞的直接接触,且与纳米硒复合后,可以在较低浓度下控制纳米硒的释放,减轻对细胞的毒性,导致复合材料的生物相容性提高[56]。2)保持伤口湿润:由于纳米硒颗粒尺寸较小,可渗透到壳聚糖形成的水凝胶网络中并形成裂隙,这种多孔结构可提高复合材料的吸水性,保持伤口维持湿润环境[57]。3)增强抗菌性能:香菇多糖修饰的纳米硒能有效激活自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力及对细菌的杀伤活性[58]。此外,纳米硒壳聚糖支架可负载药物,与抗生素协同发挥抗菌效应[59]。例如,负载β-内酰胺酶抑制剂和氨苄西林的纳米硒壳聚糖复合材料不仅能协同抗菌,还可清除氨苄西林产生的ROS,减少对细胞的刺激。其次,通过抑制AcrAB-TolC药物泵系统,改善细菌的耐药性问题[60]。4)抗炎和抗氧化,减少瘢痕形成:苯硼酸接枝的聚赖氨酸和氧化葡聚糖与纳米硒复合,通过化学反应形成的席夫碱键和酚基硼酸酯键作用,形成炎症微环境响应性水凝胶,可协同纳米硒抗氧化作用,诱导巨噬细胞向M2型极化,减少炎症细胞因子产生,达到抗炎、改善炎症微环境的效果,促进胶原蛋白沉积和血管生成,避免留下明显瘢痕[61]。番茄红素具有强大的抗氧化效果,但对氧化剂、光和热敏感[62],与纳米硒复合后可提高其稳定性,并与纳米硒发挥协同抗炎抗氧化功效,具有比游离的纳米硒更强的抗氧化效果,可有效减轻伤口的炎症反应,促使肉芽组织生成和胶原蛋白重塑,使皮肤愈合后具有良好的结构,减少瘢痕生成[63]。5)促进细胞黏附与增殖:明胶含有精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸基序(arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif,RGD Motif),可与多种整合素特异性结合,促进细胞对生物材料的黏附[64]。纳米硒可通过与明胶复合,促进细胞在生物材料表面的增殖和黏附,发挥其生物学效能作用[65]。6)提高纳米硒的分散性和稳定性:用碘化钾(potassium iodide,KI)和壳聚糖包裹纳米硒可提供纳米硒的分散性和稳定性,并且增强纳米硒的抗氧化作用,促进创面的愈合。I-会在纳米颗粒表面吸附并与反离子(如Na⁺或K⁺)形成双电层,通过产生颗粒间的斥力作用来防止聚集,再利用壳聚糖的空间位阻效应和静电相互作用进一步保证纳米硒保持单分散性,且当壳聚糖浓度较高时,更多的壳聚糖分子可以吸附在纳米硒颗粒表面,形成更厚的壳层结构,从而提高纳米硒的稳定性[66],以保证纳米硒的正常功效。

3.1.2  合成高分子材料

合成高分子材料具有较高的可塑性和可控性,与纳米硒复合后可赋予其良好抗菌效能、药物控制释放能力和增强机械性能。1)增强抗菌效能:聚多巴胺可赋予水凝胶可控的红外光热特性[67],与低剂量纳米硒复合后,通过光热效应和纳米硒的抗菌特性协同作用,显著增强抗菌效果[68]。吲哚菁绿可吸收近红外光产生ROS破坏细菌细胞膜,被聚多巴胺修饰的纳米硒可进一步增强光热转换效能,在808 nm激光下可快速杀灭细菌[69-70]。此外,纳米硒与吲哚菁绿及聚乙烯亚胺复合,融合光响应和声动疗法,有效促进伤口愈合。聚乙烯亚胺凭借静电作用吸附于纳米硒表面,保障了纳米硒的分散性,随后以声敏剂吲哚菁绿进行修饰,成功结合光声疗法,推动耐药菌感染伤口的愈合进程[71]。2)药物释放控制:伤口愈合过程涉及多种细胞和生长因子,传统敷料无法调节活性药物成分响应愈合过程的释放,而聚己内酯支架可通过响应局部环境释放活性物质来促进伤口愈合[72]。纳米硒可通过聚合物支架结构的改变,提高复合材料的亲水性、提高降解能力和降低水接触角,从而达到药物控制释放的效果。纳米硒的释放速率与其负载浓度呈正相关[27]。在聚ε-己内酯/姜黄素纤维表面组装纳米硒,不仅可以通过调控药物的释放速率,还可使姜黄素纤维与纳米硒协同发挥抗氧化作用,促进成纤维细胞的黏附与增殖[73]。3)增强机械性能:纳米硒和聚乙烯醇在聚合物间通过形成广泛的氢键,增强复合材料的有序性,从而增强其机械性能[74]

3.2  金属和金属氧化物

金属或金属氧化物与纳米硒复合后,材料的抗菌效果和稳定性能显著提高。1)抗菌功能:细菌生物膜能增强细菌的耐药性,氧化锌可破坏细菌细胞膜和产生ROS抑制细菌生长,与纳米硒复合可发挥协同抗菌效果,有效加速感染伤口愈合[75]。例如硒与银纳米粒子的复合材料可通过破坏细菌生物膜,促进高浓度ROS产生,对耐药菌具有显著的抑菌效果。此外,聚乙烯亚胺表面改性的银-硒纳米复合材料具有低毒性和良好的生物相容性,能减轻炎症反应,加快伤口愈合。四氧化三铁与纳米硒复合可增强复合材料的光热转换效果,通过光热与纳米硒自身抗菌功能协同发挥作用。2)提高稳定性:金纳米颗粒与纳米硒复合作为核心形成Au-Se键,可提升核-壳结构的稳定性,改善复合材料理化性能,使其在促进创面愈合方面的应用范围更广[76]

3.3  其他材料

纳米硒不仅可以与高分子材料和金属复合,还可以与硫等无机物或来源于人体自身的血浆、红细胞膜等复合,进一步提升其应用潜力。1)硫:硫具有良好的抗菌活性,并参与氧化还原调节。与纳米硒复合不仅可以减少纳米硒的用量,降低复合物的毒性,还能增强纳米硒清除ROS、抗炎和促进血管生成的特性[51]。2)血浆:血浆中含有丰富的营养和生长因子,能够刺激细胞增殖和迁移,促进伤口组织再生和修复。其中,血浆中葡萄糖和氨基酸等能量物质为伤口愈合过程提供充足的能量和原料,加速创面组织再生。此外,血浆可调节炎症细胞因子IL-17A和IL-1β的产生,增强纳米硒的抗氧化效能,维持良好微环境[77]。3)红细胞膜:红细胞膜包裹纳米硒可提高纳米硒的稳定性,增强其免疫逃避能力,延长体内循环时间,有效促进细菌感染伤口的愈合[78]。这些创新性的复合材料设计扩展了纳米硒在不同创面愈合中的应用。

4  结论和展望

纳米硒以抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化及促进细胞迁移和血管生成的能力,在促创面愈合中展现出巨大潜力,能够满足不同微环境下组织的愈合需求。通过与高分子材料、金属、金属氧化物、无机物及人体自源材料的复合,纳米硒的生物相容性、药物控制释放能力和机械性能得到了显著增强。这些复合材料通过多种机制,既直接又间接地促进伤口愈合,有效加速创面修复,防止感染并减轻炎症反应。然而,纳米硒复合材料实现临床转化仍面临一些挑战。1)优化生物相容性:首先,纳米硒的尺寸、形貌和表面化学性质对其毒性有显著影响,目前尚缺乏统一的生产标准,其不同批次差异性较大;其次,纳米硒与其他材料复合后,释放的纳米硒浓度难以控制;最后,纳米硒对人体长期安全性缺乏评估,其体内长期的蓄积效应及免疫原性尚不明确。2)稳定性与聚集问题:纳米硒易聚集、稳定性差,储存和运输过程中可能发生结构改变,影响药效和安全性;并且易受环境因素如pH、温度、酶等影响,降低其功效和生物利用度。3)临床证据尚不足:对于复杂的伤口微环境(包括炎症、微生物多样性和组织相互作用),体外难以真实模拟;并且缺乏体内代谢速率、器官分布等临床前数据。

为解决上述问题,未来的研究应集中于这几个方面:制定生产与质量控制系统,通过建立纳米硒合成参数(如还原剂浓度、反应时间、温度)的标准化,并严格监测颗粒尺寸和形态分布,保证批次间一致性;深入毒理学研究,结合多组学技术(如代谢组学、蛋白质组学)系统分析长期蓄积效应,利用荧光标记等技术追踪纳米硒在创面及主要器官的分布,通过体内动物实验长期示踪,保证其长效的安全性;优化复合材料设计,通过表面修饰、包覆等技术,改善纳米硒复合材料的表面性质,提高其稳定性;临床前试验是验证纳米硒复合材料安全性和有效性的关键,为其临床转化提供有力的支撑。通过上述研究的协同推进,有望突破纳米硒复合材料从基础研究到临床转化的关键技术壁垒,为多种难愈性创面的精准医疗提供创新解决方案。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82501110)

广西口腔颌面修复与重建研究重点实验室开放课题(GXKLOMRR2403)

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