上颌面罩前方牵引结合交替式快速扩缩弓治疗骨性Ⅲ类错 的研究进展

黄艳梅 ,  方欣怡 ,  封小霞

国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2) : 281 -290.

PDF (1569KB)
国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2) : 281 -290. DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026214
综述

上颌面罩前方牵引结合交替式快速扩缩弓治疗骨性Ⅲ类错 的研究进展

作者信息 +

Research progress on maxillary protraction facial mask combined with alternate rapid maxillary expansion and contraction for skeletal Classmalocclusion

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (1606K)

摘要

上颌面罩前方牵引(PFM)是早期矫治上颌发育不足的常用方法,交替式上颌快速扩缩弓(Alt-RAMEC)能有效打开和激活上颌骨周围骨缝,在PFM中配合Alt-RAMEC能否增强牵引效果颇受临床医生的关注。本文将对上颌PFM结合Alt-RAMEC治疗骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形的生物学和生物力学原理、临床应用、临床效果及潜在风险等方面作一综述,以便为该技术的临床应用提供参考。

Abstract

Maxillary protraction facial mask (PFM) is a commonly employed technique for the early treatment of ma-xillary deficiency. Alternate rapid maxillary expansion and contraction (Alt-RAMEC) can effectively open and activate maxillary sutures. The potential synergistic effects of Alt-RAMEC on enhancing maxillary protraction have attracted considerable attention among clinicians. This study reviews the biological and biomechanical bases, device application, clinical effects, and potential risks of maxillary PFM combined with Alt-RAMEC for the treatment of skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. This study offers valuable insights for the clinical implementation of this integrated technique.

Graphical abstract

关键词

骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形 / 上颌前方牵引 / 交替式上颌快速扩缩弓

Key words

skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion / maxillary protraction / alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
黄艳梅,方欣怡,封小霞. 上颌面罩前方牵引结合交替式快速扩缩弓治疗骨性Ⅲ类错 的研究进展[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2026, 53(2): 281-290 DOI:10.7518/gjkq.2026214

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形是正畸患者中常见而又棘手的一类错𬌗畸形。据报道,中国青少年Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形的发生率为4.8%~7.8%[1],其形成机制多为上颌发育不足、下颌发育过度或两者兼有,其中超过50%的Ⅲ类患者存在一定程度的上颌发育不足[2-3]。因此,促进上颌生长发育是骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形早期矫治的主要目的之一,面罩前方牵引(protraction facial mask,PFM)是临床上常用的治疗手段。为减少PFM过程中的牙性效应、获得更多骨性效应,正畸医生进行了各种尝试,包括配合使用上颌快速扩弓(rapid maxillary expansion,RME)[4]、交替式上颌快速扩缩弓(alterna-te rapid maxillary expansion and constriction,Alt-RAMEC)[5]和骨支抗(skeletal anchorage,SA)[6]等。RME可以通过松解骨缝、激活骨缝处细胞对力刺激的反应,来促进上颌骨向前发育[7]。与RME相比,Alt-RAMEC能更大程度地松解上颌周围骨缝[8]。该方法由Liou等[9-10]在2005年提出,其疗效最初在唇腭裂患者中得到证实,近20年来经过各种改良,演变出多种方案设计,其中上颌面罩前方牵引结合交替式快速扩缩弓(alternate rapid ma-xillary expansion and constriction/protraction facial mask,Alt-RAMEC/PFM)越来越多地被用于青少年骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形的治疗。本文就Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形的生物学和生物力学原理、临床应用、临床效果及潜在风险等方面进行综述。

1  生物学及生物力学原理

上颌骨在三维方向上的生长,特别是矢状方向上的生长,涉及2个基本机制,一是颅底生长推动上颌被动前移,即继发性移位[11];二是上颌体的主动生长,即原发性移位,包括膜内成骨和骨缝成骨[12]。在乳牙列期,由于颅脑的快速生长发育,上颌更多表现为被动性移位;6岁以后,随着中枢神经系统发育的基本完成,颅底软骨生长明显减慢,上颌骨的生长更多依靠上颌骨骨缝成骨的主动生长[13]。上颌骨周围有4条骨缝,分别是额颌缝、颧颌缝、颧颞缝和翼腭缝。在上颌扩弓和前方牵引过程中,持续的矫形力直接或间接地施加于牙列和颌骨,并传递至上颌周围骨缝。骨缝是张力型纤维组织,富含血管和未分化的间充质细胞,在力的作用下,骨缝处细胞发生内质网应激反应,实现机械信号转换,进而引发一系列反应,增强成骨相关转录因子,如成骨细胞特异性转录因子(Osterix)、Runt相关转录因子2等的活性,刺激骨膜细胞增殖与分化,促进软骨和骨形成,增加骨量[14-16];同时破骨细胞活化增加骨吸收,促进骨改建[17-18]

研究[19]发现,在上颌前方牵引过程中,腭中缝处受到明显压应力,这种应力特性与自然横向生长趋势相反,因此临床上行上颌前方牵引时应考虑配合扩弓。有限元分析[7]进一步表明,当施加与腭平面呈30°向前下的力行单纯前方牵引时,鼻上颌复合体会发生向上、向前的旋转;而先行扩弓再行前方牵引,则可以避免该旋转趋势,使鼻上颌复合体的移动更接近自然生长方向,并实现更为明显的前移。

此外,上颌骨是一个三维结构,其在外部负荷作用下的应力分布受周围结构影响。有学者[20]提出,在促进上颌骨生长发育的矫形治疗过程中,阻力可能主要来源于上颌骨周围结构,尤其是蝶骨和颧骨区域。有学者[21]通过有限元分析发现:颧额缝、上颌骨额突、颧弓支柱及眼眶外壁等处产生的阻力较大。另有研究[22]发现,翼腭缝连接紧密,是产生阻力的主要部位。通过扩弓,可以有效松解上颌周围骨缝,减少周围阻力。有研究[23]显示,5 mm的扩弓量可以初步松解上颌周围骨缝,但至少需要12~15 mm的扩弓量才能充分松解。然而,过度扩弓可能导致上下牙弓宽度严重不调,而交替式扩缩弓则可以有效避免这一问题。交替扩缩弓通过增加扩弓频率实现更大的累计扩弓量。动物研究[8]表明,5周的交替扩缩弓实现的上颌周围骨缝松解效果是1周快速扩弓的1.5~1.8倍。类似简单的拔牙过程,交替扩缩过程中反复的颊舌侧力也更有利于松解周围阻力[10]

2  临床应用

2.1  适应证

Alt-RAMEC/PFM可广泛用于需前方牵引的病例,主要包括骨性Ⅲ类中上颌后缩伴或不伴下颌前突的病例。目前,多数学者认为替牙期是理想的矫治时期,因为该阶段患者处于青春期前或青春期,生长发育潜力大,接受前方牵引治疗对上颌骨的骨性影响更为显著,主要表现为上颌骨缝处新骨沉积,可获得良好的治疗稳定性;而在青春期后的矫治则更多地表现为牙性效应[24]。考虑到Alt-RAMEC/PFM方案中的交替扩缩弓可能对牙根产生不利影响,有学者[25]建议将Alt-RAMEC/PFM提前至乳牙列期,以更好地避免恒牙牙根吸收。此外,将骨性支抗运用于Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗方案,则为生长发育晚期的Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形患者提供一个上颌前牵的机会[26]。Moon[27]尝试将上颌骨性扩弓器(maxillary skeletal expander,MSE)应用于成年骨性Ⅲ类患者,配合前方牵引施加较大的牵引力,成功实现了面中份的前移,这一尝试为成年骨性Ⅲ类患者提供了一种新的非手术治疗可能。上颌骨的发育与骨缝的成熟状态和改建潜力密切相关,因此判断骨缝的成熟度是选择前牵治疗时机的一个关键因素。通过锥形束CT(cone beam CT,CBCT)可以评估腭中缝、颧颌缝等的成熟度,进而预测其对早期矫治矫形力的反应[28-29]

上颌后缩是儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)的危险因素之一,对其早期干预以改善气道通气具有重要的临床意义[30]。有学者[31-32]建议对上颌后缩的OSAS患儿可尝试前方牵引配合快速扩弓或交替扩缩弓,以改善患儿睡眠通气状态,降低OSAS潜在危害。

2.2  装置特点

Liou等[9-10]提出的Alt-RAMEC采用双铰链扩弓器作为扩弓装置,β-镍钛螺旋弹簧作为牵引装置,具体设计为:扩弓器前部为扩弓簧,后部为铰链,通过两侧的连接臂相连,整体设计有利于扩展上颌骨,使其围绕上颌结节向前向外旋转,从而打开周围骨缝;前牵组件为一对β-镍钛螺旋弹簧,通过球销连接上下颌磨牙带环;闭口时,弹簧压缩,对上颌产生向前矫形力。该装置可全天佩戴,从而提高牵引效果。然而,该矫治器的制作工艺复杂,且患者佩戴的舒适感较差,这在一定程度上限制了其临床应用。随后有学者[33-34]利用Hass或Hyrax扩弓器进行扩缩弓,并配合面罩进行前方牵引(图1)。

随着微种植体技术的发展,有学者将骨支抗应用于Alt-RAMEC/PFM的治疗方案中。Kaya等[35]在8周的交替扩缩后,于上颌外侧壁植入微钛板作为口内受力点,进行前方牵引。还有学者[36]将MSE与面罩联合使用,通过MSE进行骨性扩缩弓,以更充分地激活上颌骨缝反应,随后利用与MSE一体化的牵引钩进行前方牵引,最大限度地减少治疗过程中的牙性效应,实现最大化的骨性效应。

2.3  扩弓与前牵模式

有关Alt-RAMEC的研究[37-38]表明,有效的扩缩弓持续周期通常为5~9周。动物实验[8]显示,扩缩5周可以初步松解上颌周围骨缝,而延长至7~9周则能更充分地打开额颌缝、颧颌缝等阻力较大的骨缝,从而更有利于鼻上颌复合体前移。在Liou等[10]提出的临床方案中,具体的扩弓方法是:第1周每天进行1 mm的扩弓,第2周每天进行1 mm的缩弓,第3周再次扩弓,如此扩缩4个循环后再进行1周的扩弓,总共实现35 mm扩弓量,净扩弓量7 mm。在此基础上,临床医师对扩缩模式进行了多种尝试,扩缩弓激活量从每日0.4~1 mm,扩缩周期采用每周或每2周交替的方式,持续时间为4~10周[34,39],部分医师甚至将交替扩缩贯穿整个前牵过程[40-41]。临床上,还需注意在交替扩缩结束后视患者上下颌骨宽度进行最后的扩弓调整,必要时需进一步扩弓以解决上下颌骨宽度不调问题。

扩缩弓结束后,患者佩戴面罩进行前方牵引。赵志河等[42]通过三维有限元分析证实,上颌骨的阻抗中心高度位于正中矢状面的犁状孔下缘,矢状向位置约在上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙间。Yan等[43]进一步研究发现,当前方牵引的牵引力作用点位于尖牙处且方向向前下与𬌗平面呈30°时,牵引力通过上颌骨的阻抗中心,上颌骨几乎不发生旋转;若角度增加,上颌骨将发生顺时针旋转;若角度减小,则会发生逆时针旋转。因此,为了避免上颌骨逆时针旋转导致骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形加重,建议牵引力方向向前下倾斜30°左右。对于前牙反覆𬌗过深或较浅的病例,可适当调整力线角度。初戴面罩的前2周,力量可适当轻柔,以便患者适应,之后建议每侧施力3.9~4.9 N[44]。在最初的4~6个月内,患者每日佩戴时间不应少于14 h,直至达到正常覆盖,甚至过矫治至Ⅱ类磨牙关系。由于交替扩缩能更有效地激活上颌骨缝反应,因此其前方牵引疗程相应缩短[45]

3  临床效果

3.1  骨性效应

研究[39]显示,相较于未接受任何干预的对照组,Alt-RAMEC/PFM在青少年骨性Ⅲ类患者中能有效实现上颌骨、鼻及颧骨的前移。进一步研究[40]表明,与单独使用前方牵引相比,Alt-RAMEC/PFM可以获得更为显著的治疗效果。特别是对于唇腭裂患者,由于瘢痕组织严重影响上颌骨的正常发育,导致其畸形严重,前方牵引更具挑战性。在这种情况下,采用Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗可以使唇腭裂患者的上颌骨实现更大的前移:蝶鞍中心点-鼻根点-上牙槽座点角(SNA角)平均增加5°,上牙槽座点(A点)平均向前移动3 mm[33]。目前更多的研究还集中于比较Alt-RAMEC/PFM和面罩前方牵引结合上颌快速扩弓(ra-pid maxillary expansion /protraction facial mask,RME/PFM)2种治疗方法的效果。Fischer等[46]通过CBCT数据证实,这2种方法对骨性Ⅲ类生长发育期的患儿均有良好的矫形效果,且两者之间无明显差异。与其他研究中多为青春期或青春期前的患者不同,该研究选取了平均年龄约为6岁的替牙列早期患者作为研究对象,此年龄段患者的上颌周围骨缝尚未完全闭合,因此Alt-RAMEC松解骨缝的优势未能充分体现;此外,该研究选取了前鼻棘点作为上颌骨前移的测量点,而其他研究多选用A点作为测量点。这二者均可能对研究结论产生影响。近年来更多的研究[9,25,47-52]表明,相较于RME/PFM方案,Alt-RAMEC/PFM的前牵效果更佳。Akbulut等[48]对比了Alt-RAMEC/PFM和RME/PFM方案的治疗效果,结果显示:Alt-RAMEC组SNA角的改善(3.11°±1.79°)几乎是RME组(1.45°±1.34°)的2倍。Sami等[49]的研究也表明,采用Alt-RAMEC方案治疗的患者在SNA角、上牙槽座点-鼻根点-下牙槽座点角(ANB角)、面凸角等多个指标上表现优于RME方案的患者。Liu等[40]将Alt-RAMEC贯穿整个前方牵引过程,对比RME/PFM方案的临床效果,结果显示:Alt-RAMEC/PFM组可实现更大程度的上颌骨前移和更小幅度的下颌骨顺旋。Buyukcavus等[50]比较了RMC、Alt-RAMEC和骨支抗分别配合前方牵引的上颌骨变化情况,发现这3种矫治方法使上颌前移的距离分别是2.67、3.65、4.01 mm。骨性效应占比最高的是骨支抗组,其次是Alt-RAMEC/PFM,最低的是RME/PFM,其中Alt-RAMEC/PFM的骨性和牙性效应分别占84.91%和15.09%。Meazzini等[53]在Alt-RAMEC方案中利用微种植体作为间接支抗加强Ⅲ类牵引,其上颌前移量达5.4 mm左右,效果更加显著。综上所述,Alt-RAMEC/PFM可促进上颌生长发育,配合使用骨支抗可进一步提升其疗效。Alt-RAMEC/PFM和RME/PFM的上颌前移骨性效应的对比见表1[5,10,25,40,46-50,54-55]

3.2  软组织变化

前方牵引治疗后,随着上下颌骨的生长、旋转及上下前牙位置和角度的变化,相应的软组织亦随之改变,软组织侧貌由凹向凸变化,解除了治疗前“下唇包上唇”的唇间关系,调整为更加自然的唇齿关系[39]。Ozbilen等[56]的研究表明,与16例未接受治疗的对照组患者相比,32例接受RME/PFM或Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗的患者,其面中部和上唇向前移动,而下唇和颏部向后移动,软组织侧貌得到改善;其中与RME/PFM组相比,Alt-RAMEC/PFM组患者的上唇前移更加明显。此外,还需关注面部横向的变化。随着上颌基骨的扩宽,颧骨、鼻腔宽度增加,可能导致颊部、鼻翼和上唇的软组织向外扩展、宽度增加。这些变化可能对面部美观产生影响,因此临床中需注意医患沟通,充分告知患者潜在的美学风险[39,57-58]

3.3  气道变化

接受Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗的患者,随着上颌骨矢状向和横向的生长,其气道呈正向反应,即气道容积随之增大[59-60]。有研究[61]通过头颅侧位片对比了接受Alt-RAMEC/PFM和RMC/PFM方案患者的气道变化,结果显示,治疗后2组患者鼻咽部和口咽部前后径均有增加,但Alt-RAMEC/PFM患者的增幅更为显著。Ozbilen等[55]对40例青少年患者治疗前后的CBCT影像进行了测量分析,发现Alt-RAMEC治疗后咽部容积及上颌窦体积增大,而RMC/PFM组未见明显变化。不同种族的研究对象、不同的Alt-RAMEC方案、不同的测量方法以及患者拍片的头位、呼吸状态、吞咽动作等因素均可能影响气道的测量结果。此外,治疗过程中矫治器对颏部的压力可能导致下颌向后下方顺时针旋转,若下颌骨发生明显的后下旋转,可能会导致气道狭窄。目前,关于Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗对气道影响的研究主要基于影像学资料,缺乏流体动力学、多导睡眠图等更为客观、直接和精确的评估方法。

3.4  长期稳定性

治疗结果的长期稳定性是Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形早期矫治重点关注的问题。目前,大多数关于Alt-RAMEC/PFM的研究主要集中在短期疗效上,而对其长期疗效及稳定性的研究相对较少。Maino等[62]进行的一项长期随访研究显示,与治疗结束时相比,随访7年后A点仅有轻微的复发;研究者指出,尽管由于下颌骨的生长导致了一定程度的生理性复发,但相较于治疗过程中显著的A点前移和上颌生长,复发程度轻微。但该研究的随访对象均为一期治疗后接受二期正畸治疗的患者,这些患者的骨性畸形较为轻微;对于复发明显、骨性畸形严重的患者,单纯正畸治疗可能并不适用,因此可能被排除在研究之外。在一项临床研究[53]中,42例青少年患者使用双铰链扩弓器并通过微种植体作为间接支抗行Ⅲ类颌间牵引,成功纠正了Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形,随访至患者成年,结果显示:上颌骨位置保持稳定,A点仅后退0.57 mm,仅有3例患者出现明显的复发至对刃𬌗;与未接受干预措施的对照组相比,治疗组下颌生长量更小。该研究的对照组为计划接受正颌手术的骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形患者,这有可能放大治疗组和对照组之间的下颌生长量的差异。

Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形矫治后复发受多种因素影响,包括下颌剩余生长量、家族史、扁桃体肥大、舌低位姿势等。在评估治疗稳定性时,必须充分考虑混杂因素的影响。骨支抗辅助的Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗可用于生长发育晚期的患者,因为这些患者的下颌骨在治疗期间已完成大部分生长,治疗后剩余的生长量较少,长期稳定性较好[63]

4  潜在风险

4.1  牙周健康风险

由于扩缩弓装置多为牙支持式,该治疗方式对支抗牙牙周健康的影响不容忽视。已有研究[64-65]表明,扩弓可能导致患者的颊侧牙槽骨丢失和骨开窗,而腭侧牙槽骨厚度出现代偿性增加。在扩缩弓过程中,支抗牙的移动路径与单纯扩弓有所不同,其对牙周组织的具体影响尚需进一步明确。Gandedkar等[66]对平均年龄11.5岁的青少年患者进行7周的扩缩治疗,随后进行3个月的前方牵引,结果显示:7周扩缩弓后,患者后牙区支抗牙的颊侧牙槽骨厚度减少0.54~0.70 mm,而腭侧牙槽骨厚度增加0.31~0.41 mm,未观察到明显的骨开窗或骨开裂现象。另外2项研究[67-68]也证实了Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗后患者颊侧牙槽骨厚度减小的现象。然而,上述3项研究均未设置对照组,研究者仅通过与以往文献报道进行对比,发现Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗后的牙周变化与RME/PFM方案相似。Lemos Rinaldi等[69]在研究中比较了不同类型的扩弓器和扩弓模式对颊侧牙槽骨的影响,发现使用Hyrax扩弓器的患者比使用Hass扩弓器的患者出现了更明显的骨开窗和骨开裂,尤其是在交替扩缩治疗中,牙周损害最为严重,这可能矫治器的刚度及与治疗后牙根的过度颊倾有关。此外,若患者治疗前颊侧牙槽骨较薄,则其发生颊侧骨开窗和骨开裂的风险更高[66]。因此,无论是RME/PFM还是Alt-RAMEC/PFM,支抗牙初始颊腭侧牙槽骨厚度和扩弓范围是控制牙周风险的关键因素。在临床治疗中,需充分评估患者的牙周条件,对于薄龈型、颊腭侧牙槽骨较薄的患者,需谨慎扩弓或扩缩弓。如果确需扩弓者,可辅以骨支抗扩弓、牙周辅助加速成骨正畸治疗配合植骨术等措施。

4.2  牙根吸收及牙根发育风险

牙支持式扩弓会将较大的矫形力传递至支抗牙,可能导致牙根吸收[70]。在交替扩缩过程中,由于牙齿的往复移动,其发生牙根吸收的风险可能更高。Lemos Rinaldi等[69]对使用Hyrax进行扩弓和扩缩弓患者的第一磨牙近颊根进行CBCT测量分析,发现相较于扩弓,扩缩组患者牙根长度变短程度更轻微。然而,该研究仅测量了第一磨牙近颊根的变化,而扩弓过程中近颊根距颊侧骨皮质较近,其牙根吸收的敏感性较高;但缩弓过程中腭根距腭侧骨皮质较近,其敏感性也较大。因此,需要进一步的研究将颊腭侧牙根的变化均纳入分析。

大多数接受早期矫形治疗的患者处于替牙列期,扩弓和前牵的力量直接作用于牙根尚未发育完全的年轻恒牙或通过乳牙传递至牙槽骨内的恒牙胚,可能影响牙齿发育和萌出过程[71]。Yilmaz等[72]的研究发现,Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗并未对牙根发育和牙齿萌出产生负面影响,且治疗后牙根长度有所增加。然而,该研究缺乏空白对照组,无法排除牙根自然发育的变化,因此其结论仍需进一步研究验证。

5  总结及展望

Alt-RAMEC/PFM是青少年骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形的有效矫治方法,就短期效果而言,其能有效促进鼻上颌复合体的前移,改善患者面型,增加气道容积。与微种植体技术相结合,不仅进一步强化了骨性效应,还扩展了矫治的时间窗口至生长发育晚期。但是,Alt-RAMEC/PFM对牙周和牙根影响尚不十分明确,重视其潜在风险,才能在临床上更好地控制和规避。此外,当前的研究存在一定的局限性。首先,缺乏对Alt-RAMEC/PFM治疗潜在风险控制措施的研究;其次,现有研究多为回顾性设计,随机对照研究较少,且样本量普遍较小;再次,研究中使用的测量方法主要依赖于二维或三维影像学资料,缺乏更全面的评估手段。未来需要开展更多长期的随机对照研究,并引入三维的颅颌面骨重叠和三维面部软组织分析,以获取更加客观真实的结果。鉴于骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形的早期矫治的长期疗效存在不确定性,对处于生长发育阶段的患者进行长期预后的评估尤为重要,这有助于初步判断是否选择早期矫治还是成年后接受正颌外科手术。未来研究可探索利用人工智能和医疗大数据,构建基于遗传背景和形态学特征的预测模型,筛选出更具指导价值的预测指标,从而为临床医生在治疗骨性Ⅲ类错𬌗畸形时提供更加明确的依据。

参考文献

[1]

de Ridder L, Aleksieva A, Willems G, et al. Prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions in healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(12): 7446.

[2]

Staudt CB, Kiliaridis S. Different skeletal types underlying Class Ⅲ malocclusion in a random population[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2009, 136(5): 715-721.

[3]

Mathapun J, Charoemratrote C. Is incisor compensation related to skeletal discrepancies in skeletal class Ⅲ? A retrospective cephalometric study[J]. Diagnostics, 2024, 14(10): 1021.

[4]

Rutili V, Souki BQ, Nieri M, et al. Long-term effects produced by early treatment of Class Ⅲ malocclusion with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask followed by fixed appliances: a multicentre retro-prospective controlled study[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2024, 27(3): 429-438.

[5]

Liu W, Zhou Y, Wang X, et al. Effect of maxillary protraction with alternating rapid palatal expansion and constriction vs expansion alone in maxillary retrusive patients: a single-center, randomized controlled trial[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2015, 148(4): 641-651.

[6]

Kim M, Li J, Kim S, et al. Individualized 3D-prin-ted bone-anchored maxillary protraction device for growth modification in skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion[J]. J Pers Med, 2021, 11(11): 1087.

[7]

Gautam P, Valiathan A, Adhikari R. Skeletal response to maxillary protraction with and without maxillary expansion: a finite element study[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2009, 135(6): 723-728.

[8]

Wang YC, Chang PM, Liou EJ. Opening of circu-maxillary sutures by alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions[J]. Angle Orthod, 2009, 79(2): 230-234.

[9]

Liou EJ. Effective maxillary orthopedic protraction for growing Class Ⅲ patients: a clinical application simulates distraction osteogenesis[J]. Prog Orthod, 2005, 6(2): 154-171.

[10]

Liou EJ, Tsai WC. A new protocol for maxillary protraction in cleft patients: repetitive weekly protocol of alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions[J]. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2005, 42(2): 121-127.

[11]

Ferros I, Mora MJ, Obeso IF, et al. The nasomaxillary complex and the cranial base in artificial cra-nial deformation: relationships from a geometric morphometric study[J]. Eur J Orthod, 2015, 37(4): 403-411.

[12]

Thilander B. Basic mechanisms in craniofacial growth[J]. Acta Odontol Scand, 1995, 53(3): 144-151.

[13]

Lacruz RS, Bromage TG, O’Higgins P, et al. Distinct growth of the nasomaxillary complex in Au. sediba [J]. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 15175.

[14]

Al Dayeh A, Williams RA, Trojan TM, et al. Deformation of the zygomaticomaxillary and nasofrontal sutures during bone-anchored maxillary protraction and reverse-pull headgear treatments: an ex-vivo study[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2019, 156(6): 745-757.

[15]

Guerrero JA, Silva RS, de Abreu Lima IL, et al. Maxillary suture expansion: a mouse model to explore the molecular effects of mechanically-induced bone remodeling[J]. J Biomech, 2020, 108: 109880.

[16]

He Z, Du Y, Peng C, et al. Piezo1 promotes osteogenesis through CaMKII signalling in a rat maxilla-ry expansion model[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2025, 28(1): 196-206.

[17]

Li L, Zhai M, Cheng C, et al. Mechanically induced M2 macrophages are involved in bone remodeling of the midpalatal suture during palatal expansion[J]. Prog Orthod, 2024, 25(1): 30.

[18]

Hou B, Fukai N, Olsen BR. Mechanical force-indu-ced midpalatal suture remodeling in mice[J]. Bone, 2007, 40(6): 1483-1493.

[19]

Tanaka OM, Saga AY, Pithon MM, et al. Stresses in the midpalatal suture in the maxillary protraction therapy: a 3D finite element analysis[J]. Prog Orthod, 2016, 17: 8.

[20]

Isaacson RJ, Wood JL, Ingram AH. Forces produ-ced by rapid maxillary expansion[J]. Angle Orthod, 1964, 34(4): 256-270.

[21]

Cantarella D, Dominguez-Mompell R, Moschik C, et al. Midfacial changes in the coronal plane induced by microimplant-supported skeletal expander, studied with cone-beam computed tomography images[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2018, 154(3): 337-345.

[22]

Lee DW, Park JH, Moon W, et al. Effects of bicor-tical anchorage on pterygopalatine suture opening with microimplant-assisted maxillary skeletal expansion[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2021, 159(4): 502-511.

[23]

Haas AJ. Long-term posttreatment evaluation of ra-pid palatal expansion[J]. Angle Orthod, 1980, 50(3): 189-217.

[24]

Zhang W, Qu HC, Yu M, et al. The effects of maxillary protraction with or without rapid maxillary expansion and age factors in treating class Ⅲ malocclusion: a meta-analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(6): e0130096.

[25]

Masucci C, Franchi L, Giuntini V, et al. Short-term effects of a modified Alt-RAMEC protocol for early treatment of Class Ⅲ malocclusion: a controlled stu-dy[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2014, 17(4): 259-269.

[26]

Büyükçavuş MH, Sari ÖF, Findik Y. Correction of late adolescent skeletal Class Ⅲ using the Alt-RAMEC protocol and skeletal anchorage[J]. Korean J Orthod, 2023, 53(1): 54-64.

[27]

Moon W. Class Ⅲ treatment by combining facema-sk (FM) and maxillary skeletal expander (MSE)[J]. Semin Orthod, 2018, 24(1): 95-107.

[28]

Angelieri F, Franchi L, Cevidanes LHS, et al. Zy-gomaticomaxillary suture maturation: a predictor of maxillary protraction? Part Ⅰ- A classification me-thod[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2017, 20(2): 85-94.

[29]

Angelieri F, Ruellas AC, Yatabe MS, et al. Zygoma-ticomaxillary suture maturation: part Ⅱ-The influence of sutural maturation on the response to maxillary protraction[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2017, 20(3): 152-163.

[30]

Vaienti B, di Blasio M, Arcidiacono L, et al. A narrative review on obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in paediatric population[J]. Front Neurol, 2024, 15: 1393272.

[31]

Quo S, Lo LF, Guilleminault C. Maxillary protraction to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and maxillary retrusion: a preliminary report[J]. Sleep Med, 2019, 60: 60-68.

[32]

Caruso S, Lisciotto E, Caruso S, et al. Effects of ra-pid maxillary expander and delaire mask treatment on airway sagittal dimensions in pediatric patients affected by class Ⅲ malocclusion and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome[J]. Life, 2023, 13(3): 673.

[33]

Dogan E, Seckin O. Maxillary protraction in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: evaluation of soft and hard tissues using the Alt-RAMEC protocol[J]. J Orofac Orthop, 2020, 81(3): 209-219.

[34]

Liu W, Zhou S, Yen E, et al. Comparison of changes in the nasal cavity, pharyngeal airway, and maxillary sinus volumes after expansion and maxillary protraction with two protocols: rapid palatal expansion versus alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction[J]. Korean J Orthod, 2023, 53(3): 175-184.

[35]

Kaya D, Kocadereli I, Kan B, et al. Effects of facemask treatment anchored with miniplates after alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions; a pilot study[J]. Angle Orthod, 2011, 81(4): 639-646.

[36]

Cantarella D, Savio G, Grigolato L, et al. A new me-thodology for the digital planning of micro-implant-supported maxillary skeletal expansion[J]. Med Devices, 2020, 13: 93-106.

[37]

Al-Mozany SA, Dalci O, Almuzian M, et al. A no-vel method for treatment of Class Ⅲ malocclusion in growing patients[J]. Prog Orthod, 2017, 18(1): 40.

[38]

Pithon MM, Santos NL, Santos CR, et al. Is alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction an effective protocol in the treatment of Class Ⅲ ma-locclusion? A systematic review[J]. Dental Press J Orthod, 2016, 21(6): 34-42.

[39]

Sitaropoulou V, Yilmaz HN, Yilmaz B, et al. Three-dimensional evaluation of treatment results of the Alt-RAMEC and facemask protocol in growing patients[J]. J Orofac Orthop, 2020, 81(6): 407-418.

[40]

Liu Y, Hou R, Jin H, et al. Relative effectiveness of facemask therapy with alternate maxillary expansion and constriction in the early treatment of Class Ⅲ malocclusion[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2021, 159(3): 321-332.

[41]

Canturk BH, Celikoglu M. Comparison of the effects of face mask treatment started simultaneously and after the completion of the alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction procedure[J]. Angle Orthod, 2015, 85(2): 284-291.

[42]

赵志河, 赵美英. 上颌复合体及上颌牙弓阻力中心位置的研究[J]. 口腔正畸学杂志, 1994, 1(1): 25-26.

[43]

Zhao ZH, Zhao MY. Study on the center of resis-tanceof maxillary complex and maxillary arch[J]. J Chin Orthod, 1994, 1(1): 25-26.

[44]

Yan X, He W, Lin T, et al. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the craniomaxillary complex du-ring maxillary protraction with bone anchorage vs conventional dental anchorage[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2013, 143(2): 197-205.

[45]

Rota E, Ferrari M, Maddalone M. Dentofacial effects of modified Alt-RAMEC protocol combined with the facial mask for treatment of preadolescent Caucasian class Ⅲ patients[J]. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2019, 12(3): 222-228.

[46]

Papadopoulou AK, Koletsi D, Masucci C, et al. A retrospective long-term comparison of early RME-facemask versus late Hybrid-Hyrax, alt-RAMEC and miniscrew-supported intraoral elastics in gro-wing Class Ⅲ patients[J]. Int Orthod, 2022, 20(1): 100603.

[47]

Fischer B, Masucci C, Ruellas A, et al. Three-dimensional evaluation of the maxillary effects of two orthopaedic protocols for the treatment of Class Ⅲ malocclusion: a prospective study[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2018, 21(4): 248-257.

[48]

Isci D, Turk T, Elekdag-Turk S. Activation-deactivation rapid palatal expansion and reverse headgear in Class Ⅲ cases[J]. Eur J Orthod, 2010, 32(6): 706-715.

[49]

Akbulut S, Yilmaz S, Yagci A. Comparison of the short-term effects of facemask therapy preceded by conventional rapid maxillary expansion or by an alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions protocol[J]. J Orofac Orthop, 2023, 84(5): 278-286.

[50]

Sami QUA, Ali B, Farooqui WA. Effects of Alt-RAMEC protocol with facemask therapy in cleft lip pa-late patients in a sample of Pakistani population[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2023, 23(1): 401.

[51]

Buyukcavus MH, Kale B, Aydemir B. Comparison of treatment effects of different maxillary protraction methods in skeletal class Ⅲ patients[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2020, 23(4): 445-454.

[52]

Almuzian M, McConnell E, Darendeliler MA, et al. The effectiveness of alternating rapid maxillary expansion and constriction combined with maxillary protraction in the treatment of patients with a class Ⅲ malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-ana-lysis[J]. J Orthod, 2018, 45(4): 250-259.

[53]

Zhao T, Hua F, He H. Alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) may be more effective than rapid maxillary expansion alone for protraction facial mask treatment[J]. J Evid Ba-sed Dent Pract, 2020, 20(2): 101408.

[54]

Meazzini MC, Torre C, Cappello A, et al. Long-term follow-up of late maxillary orthopedic advan-cement with the Liou-Alternate rapid maxillary expansion-constriction technique in patients with ske-letal Class Ⅲ malocclusion[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2021, 160(2): 221-230.

[55]

Emek Kayafoğlu G, Esenlik E. Comparison of rapid maxillary expansion and alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction protocols with face mask therapy[J]. Turk J Orthod, 2023, 36(4): 231-238.

[56]

Onem Ozbilen E, Yilmaz HN, Kucukkeles N. Comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction protocols followed by facemask therapy[J]. Korean J Orthod, 2019, 49(1): 49-58.

[57]

Ozbilen EO, Ari MO, Yilmaz HN, et al. Soft tissue evaluation after maxillary protraction with RPE or with the ALT-RAMEC protocol: a controlled 3D study[J]. J Orofac Orthop, 2023, 84(): 200-209.

[58]

Yilmaz BS, Kucukkeles N. Skeletal, soft tissue, and airway changes following the alternate maxillary expansions and constrictions protocol[J]. Angle Orthod, 2014, 84(5): 868-877.

[59]

李超. 上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引对骨性Ⅲ类均角患者颌面部软、硬组织变化的影响[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2023.

[60]

Li C. Evaluation of dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes in class Ⅲ patients treated with rapid maxillary expander and face mask[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2023.

[61]

Celikoglu M, Buyukcavus MH. Changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions and hyoid bone position after maxillary protraction with different alternate ra-pid maxillary expansion and construction protocols: a prospective clinical study[J]. Angle Orthod, 2017, 87(4): 519-525.

[62]

Bhaskar N, Sundareswaran S, Vadakkeypeediakkal L, et al. Does the alternate rapid maxillary expansion-constriction/reverse headgear therapy enhance pharyngeal airway dimensions[J]. Turk J Orthod, 2022, 35(1): 7-15.

[63]

Kale B, Buyukcavus MH. Determining the short-term effects of different maxillary protraction me-thods on pharyngeal airway dimensions[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2021, 24(4): 543-552.

[64]

Maino GB, Cremonini F, Maino G, et al. Long-term skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of hybrid rapid maxillary expansion and facemask treatment in gro-wing skeletal Class Ⅲ patients: a retrospective follow-up study[J]. Prog Orthod, 2022, 23(1): 44.

[65]

Maino GB, Maino G, Cremonini F, et al. Class Ⅲ treatment with mini-implants anchorage in young adult patients: short and long-term results[J]. Dental Press J Orthod, 2023, 28(2): e23spe2.

[66]

Machado Pasqua BP, Sendyk M, Barros André C, et al. Periodontal evaluation after maxillary expansion with a tooth-bone-borne expander in growing patients: a randomized clinical trial[J]. J Orofac Orthop, 2024. doi: 10.1007/s00056-024-00536-z .

[67]

Silva I, Miranda F, Bastos JCDC, et al. Comparison of alveolar bone morphology after expansion with hybrid and conventional Hyrax expanders[J]. Angle Orthod, 2024, 94(4): 414-420.

[68]

Gandedkar NH, Liou EJ. The immediate effect of alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions on the alveolus: a retrospective cone beam compu-ted tomography study[J]. Prog Orthod, 2018, 19(1): 40.

[69]

Singh S, Batra P, Raghavan S, et al. Evaluation of Alt-RAMEC with facemask in patients with unila-teral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and finite element modeling-a clinical prospective study[J]. Cleft Pa-late Craniofac J, 2022, 59(2): 166-176.

[70]

Özbilen , Yılmaz HN, Acar YB. Does Alt-RAMEC protocol and facemask treatment affect den-toalveolar structures[J]. Angle Orthod, 2021, 91(5): 626-633.

[71]

Lemos Rinaldi MR, Azeredo F, Martinelli de Lima E, et al. Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of bone plate and root length after maxillary expansion using tooth-borne and tooth-tissue-borne banded expanders[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2018, 154(4): 504-516.

[72]

Wang M, Ma D, Yang X. The impact of different activation protocols of rapid maxillary expansion on external root resorption: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Am J Transl Res, 2024, 16(8): 3437-3448.

[73]

Seker ED, Yagci A, Kurt Demirsoy K. Dental root development associated with treatments by rapid maxillary expansion/reverse headgear and slow ma-xillary expansion[J]. Eur J Orthod, 2019, 41(5): 544-550.

[74]

Yilmaz BS, Seker ED, Yilmaz HN, et al. Do we pay for maxillary protraction? Evaluation of the effects of Alt-RAMEC protocol and face mask treatment on root development[J]. Clin Oral Investig, 2022, 26(3): 3203-3211.

基金资助

浙江省自然科学基金(ZCLQN25H1401)

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (1569KB)

265

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/