Tunnel engineering, as a significant component of transportation infrastructure, has increasingly received attention for its carbon emissions during the construction process. It is a significant scientific basis for controlling carbon emissions and achieving carbon reduction in tunnel design by establishing a rational model for predicting carbon emissions in tunnel construction. Accordingly, the dataset concludes a total of 120 samples of tunnel construction carbon emissions (per meter) with different lining designs based on the construction of the Menglü highway tunnel project, considering 12 characteristic parameters, including the surrounding rock level, the total length of the tunnel, and so on. Based on the traditional Stacking algorithm, this study proposes an improved Stacking algorithm of multi-model fusion to predict carbon emissions in tunnel construction. The improved Stacking algorithm combines the various base learner training models with the residual weighting approach, which is obtained through cross-validation. Besides, the improved Stacking algorithm utilizes the original training set and the prediction results of the combined base learner as the meta-learner inputs. Therefore, the improved Stacking algorithm is not only less sensitive to noise, but also retains the original dataset information. The results demonstrate that the improved Stacking algorithm is superior to three single base learners as well as the traditional Stacking algorithm in terms of root mean square error (ERMSE), mean absolute error (EMAE), and determination coefficient (R2). Consequently, it recommends the improved Stacking algorithm for predicting carbon emissions in tunnel construction.
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