For the special characteristics of the behaviours of following, changing lanes and stopping in the mixed traffic flow of automated driving bus and manually driven cars, a vehicle lane-changing model considering the influence of automated driving bus is proposed based on the theory of cellular automata to study the characteristics of the mixed traffic flow containing automated driving bus. Based on the driving characteristics of automated vehicles and combined with the driving characteristics of buses at bus stops, the road sections were divided and the following and lane changing rules for autonomous buses, normal buses, and cars were constructed, respectively. Based on numerical simulation experiments, the traffic flow characteristics under different traffic densities and bus ratios were analysed. The results show that under the same road traffic conditions, the bay bus stop interferes less with the road traffic, and the lane changing and stopping behaviours of the automated driving bus have less impact on the road traffic than those of the normal bus.
元胞自动机模型仿真交通流的研究中,根据研究对象的不同,对单个元胞尺寸的范围设定在0.5~ 8 m. 较大的元胞尺寸(3.75 m、5 m、7.5 m及以上)导致仿真中车辆的加速度和减速度过大,影响仿真的效果. 较小的元胞尺寸(0.5~1.5 m)能够改善仿真中的车流波动情况,但会增大仿真的计算量,降低仿真的运行效率. 综合考虑车辆运行过程、道路宽度、仿真精度和运行效率,设定模型中单个元胞的长度为2 m,宽度为3.5 m.
1.2 车辆与路段模型设定
模型设定理想环境下,路段中含有两种类型混合交通流:自动驾驶公交车与小汽车、常规公交车与小汽车,不存在其他车辆. 其中,自动驾驶公交车的等级设定为L4以上,有完全接管驾驶的能力. 综合考虑我国相关规范规定对车辆尺寸的规定,以及行驶过程中驾驶员对前后车距的预留空间,模型统一设定小汽车长度为6 m,常规公交车和自动驾驶公交车的长度为10 m.
式中:表示第n辆车在t时刻跟随前方车辆行驶所需保持的安全速度;表示第n辆车与前方车辆之间的距离;表示车辆最大减速度;表示t时刻前方车辆的行驶速度;μ表示驾驶员反应时间;函数[x]表示不超过x的最大整数. 参考相关研究[18-19],当车辆为小汽车和常规公交车时,反应时间μ取值为1.5 s;当车辆为自动驾驶公交车时,反应时间μ取值为0.5 s.
两种停靠站路段在第1车道的速度差距较小,而港湾式停靠站路段第2车道和第3车道的速度 明显高于直线式停靠站路段,速度最大差值达到 7.8 km/h. 这是由于直线式停靠站设置在第3车道上,公交车的停靠会使得第3车道的小汽车被迫更换车道行驶,甚至有可能出现停车等待换道条件的情况,进一步降低车道平均速度. 而港湾式停靠站在公交车停靠时不占用道路行驶空间,对道路的正常交通运行影响较小. 但随着公交车比例超过8%,港湾式停靠站也同样可能出现多辆公交车占用第3车道排队的现象,干扰道路交通的正常运行,两种路段的速度差距缩小.
对比常规公交车和自动驾驶公交车混行交通流的速度变化情况,当公交车比例较小时,道路交通较为自由,两种公交车混行交通流的速度差距并不大. 随着公交车比例的上升,自动驾驶公交车混行交通流的速度要略高于常规公交车,相同条件下速度最大差值分别为3.64 km/h和2.57 km/h. 当公交车比例超过8%时,道路中公交车数量进一步增多,导致交通拥堵现象的出现,两种公交车混行交通流的速度差距也随之缩小.
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