To accurately assess the wind loads on photovoltaic (PV) arrays installed on different sloping terrains, wind tunnel tests and CFD numerical simulations were used to study the wind pressure distribution law on the surface of mountainous PV arrays, and the influence of the wind angle, slope and module tilt angle on the wind loads on PV arrays and the interference effect between modules. The results indicate that a wind direction angle of 0° produces the largest wind pressure distribution and highest mean wind pressure coefficient, representing the most unfavorable wind direction. Increasing the module tilt angle increases the wind pressure on front-row modules, and strengthens the interference effect between modules. Sloping terrain weakens the shading effect among PV arrays. With the increase of the slope, the module wind load does not increase with the increase of the contact wind speed (as the elevation of the rear modules constantly increases). Instead, it initially decreases and only begins to rise when wind loads transition from wind pressure to wind suction. CFD simulation of wind loads on large-scale PV arrays reveal that shading effects between longitudinal columns are not significant. The influence of topography on the mean velocity of the airflow and turbulence characteristics was also investigated.
根据建筑结构荷载规范,B类地貌下,I0=0.23边界层离地高度zb=5 m,梯度风高度zG=350 m.
3.2 风洞试验值与CFD模拟值对比验证
图11展示了平均风压系数的风洞试验和CFD数值模拟结果,从中可以看出数值模拟的趋势与风洞试验值基本吻合. 数值模拟取风洞试验尺寸进行足尺模拟,光伏板厚度为35 mm. 由图11可知,试验中厚度方向上缩尺比与长宽方向上缩尺比不同对组件风荷载的影响较小. 通过对比平均风压系数的数值和前后组件的风压系数衰减规律,可认为所选定的湍流模型和速度入口设置能够较好地模拟斜坡坡面光伏阵列的风场绕流情况.
LIS K, LIUZ Y, ZHANGX,et al .Wind tunnel tests for a solar parking shed with a mono-sloped roof[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2019, 38(7): 240-245.(in Chinese)
MAW Y, CHAIX B, MAC C .Experimental study on wind load influencing factors of flexible support photovoltaic modules[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2021,42(11): 10-18.(in Chinese)
MAW Y, CHAIX B, ZHAOH Y,et al .A study on distribution coefficient of a flexible photovoltaic support cable based on an eccentric moment wind load distribution model[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2021, 40(12): 305-310.(in Chinese)
[9]
WITTWERA R, PODESTÁJ M, CASTROH G,et al .Wind loading and its effects on photovoltaic modules:an experimental-computational study to assess the stress on structures[J].Solar Energy,2022,240: 315-328.
YINM Z, ZOUY F, LIQ T,et al .Wind tunnel test study on wind load of single row tracking photovoltaic structure[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering,2020,17(9):2354-2362.(in Chinese)
LOUW J, SHANH Y, YANGZ, et al. Study of shielding effect on shape coefficient of super-large photovoltaic arrays[J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2021, 42(5): 47-54.(in Chinese)
[14]
HEX H, DINGH, JINGH Q,et al .Wind-induced vibration and its suppression of photovoltaic modules supported by suspension cables[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2020, 206: 104275.
[15]
LIUJ Q, LIS Y, LUOJ,et al .Experimental study on critical wind velocity of a 33-meter-span flexible photovoltaic support structure and its mitigation[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2023,236:105355.
[16]
KIMY C, SHANW, YANGQ S, et al. Effect of panel shapes on wind-induced vibrations of solar wing system under various wind environments[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2020, 146(6): 04020104.
[17]
KIMY C, TAMURAY, YOSHIDAA,et al .Experimental investigation of aerodynamic vibrations of solar wing system[J].Advances in Structural Engineering, 2018,21(15):2217-2226.
[18]
JUBAYERC M, SIDDIQUIK, HANGANH .CFD analysis of convective heat transfer from ground mounted solar panels[J].Solar Energy,2016,133:556-566.
[19]
AGARWALA, IRTAZAH, ZAMEELA .Numerical study of lift and drag coefficients on a ground-mounted photo-voltaic solar panel[J].Materials Today:Proceedings,2017,4(9):9822-9827.
XUN, LIX H, GAOC C, et al .Analysis of shape coefficients of wind loads of photovoltaic system[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2021, 42(10): 17-22.(in Chinese)
QUANY, WUJ G, CHENY,et al .Influence of wind direction and inclination angle on wind load of photovoltaic arrays[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2024,45(1):25-31.(in Chinese)
[24]
CAOS Y, WANGT, GEY J,et al .Numerical study on turbulent boundary layers over two-dimensional hills:Effects of surface roughness and slope[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2012,104/105/106:342-349.
LIZ L, XUS Y, XIAOZ Z,et al .Detailed interpolation distribution of hilly wind topographic factor along hillside[J].Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences), 2016, 43(3):23-31.(in Chinese)
[27]
KOZMARH, ALLORID, BARTOLIG,et al .Wind characteristics in wind farms situated on a hilly terrain[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2018,174:404-410.
[28]
KAMADAY, LIQ A, MAEDAT,et al. Wind tunnel experimental investigation of flow field around two-dimensional single hill models[J]. Renewable Energy, 2019, 136: 1107-1118.
[29]
ZHAOZ H, LIC Y, CHENZ S, et al. Parallel ribbon vortex:a phenomenological flow feature in an atmospheric boundary layer near sloped terrain[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2023, 35(11):115121.
GUOT, YANGY M, HUANGG Q,et al .Wind-induced vibration analysis of flexible photovoltaic support structure under mountain canyon terrain[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2023,44(11): 131-140.(in Chinese)
[32]
建筑结构荷载规范: GB 50009—2012 [S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2012.
[33]
Load code for the design of building structures: GB 50009—2012 [S]. Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2012.(in Chinese)