An air conditioning (AC) flexibility potential prediction model was created using EnergyPlus based on the investigation and results of residential AC equipment performance, set temperatures, energy use behavior, and occupant willingness to participate in flexible scheduling. It also took into account the intermittent operation and performance probability of ACs in the hot-summer and cold-winter (HSCW) zones. The flexibility potentials of several AC control strategies, such as load reduction, load interruption, and load shifting, were evaluated, and suitable flexibility control strategies for residential AC systems in HSCW zone were identified. The results show that load reduction during the cooling season and load interruption during the heating season can result in energy conservation and cost reduction without sacrificing thermal comfort. Without taking into account occupant willingness, the daily maximum cooling and heating load peaks of the residential building can be reduced by to 24% and 100% respectively, the operation energy consumption during the peak electricity price periods in the cooling and heating seasons can be reduced by 30% and 83% respectively, and the total operating costs during the periods when the energy consumption changes due to flexible adjustment in the cooling and heating seasons can be reduced by 14% and 42% respectively. If the occupant willingness is taken into account, the daily maximum cooling and heating load peaks can be reduced by 18% and 77% respectively, the operation energy consumption during the peak electricity price periods in the cooling and heating seasons can be reduced by 22% and 64% respectively, and the total operating costs during the periods when the energy consumption changes due to flexible scheduling in the cooling and heating seasons can be reduced by 10% and 33% respectively.
采用均方根误差变异系数(coefficient of variation of root mean square error,CV-RMSE)CV-RMSE[26]对比空调单位面积实测能耗与模拟能耗的结果进行模型校核,计算方法如式(1)所示. 卧室空调合计、客厅空调合计以及整栋所有空调合计的CV-RMSE均为6%,符合ASHRAE模拟精度检验CV-RMSE低于15%的要求[26].
CV-RMSE
式中:ai 为实测数值;pi 为模拟预测数值;为实测数值的平均值.
1.4 住宅空调执行柔性调节后的能耗预测模型
空调适用的柔性调节策略主要分为负荷削减、负荷中断及负荷转移3类[14,27],具体策略描述如表4所示.其中,RY表示根据问卷调研结果选择调节1、2、3或4 ℃.同时,上述3类柔性调节策略两两排列组合,形成组合策略S4-S7. 因策略种类多,以“RD-SE-AF”格式编写了各类柔性调节策略的代号.其中,RD中的D表示负荷削减的调节程度,即1~4 ℃;SE中的E表示负荷中断的调节程度,即30~120 min;AF中的F表示负荷转移的调节程度,即提前30~60 min.
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