The overvoltage generated on rails during pantograph rising can severely affect the safe operation of trackside signaling equipment. To investigate the influence of pantograph arcing on the overvoltage of track circuits in AT traction power supply systems, an overvoltage analysis model for track circuits is established based on the Agrawal’s field-to-line coupling model. Firstly, the solution of Agrawal’s field-to-line coupling model for the multi-conductor transmission line system composed of traction power supply and track circuits is derived, and an easily implementable macro-model is developed. Secondly the proposed macro-model is integrated with the “Frequency Dependent (Phase)” component in the electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD to establish a model for analyzing the transient response of track circuits. A pantograph arcing model is constructed in PSCAD by incorporating dynamic distance control, breakdown voltage determination, and coupling of the arc energy equation. The accuracy of the method is verified through comparison with measured data. Finally, the influence of ballast resistance and the contact wire voltage phase angle during pantograph rising on rail overvoltage is analyzed. The results show that a higher ballast resistance leads to a greater peak rail overvoltage, increasing the risk of overvoltage damage. Additionally, the peak rail overvoltage reaches its maximum when the pantograph rises at a voltage phase angle of 90°. These findings provide a theoretical basis for interference immunity analysis and overvoltage protection in track circuits.
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