Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has demonstrated significant potential for the rapid detection of steel components due to its fast, in-situ, and multi-element synchronous detection capabilities. This study, based on a self-developed LIBS elemental quantitative analysis prototype system, investigated the effects of key parameters: excitation times, spectral acquisition delay time, type and temperature of shielding gas, and gas flow rate,on the spectral signal quality of carbon (C 193.09 nm) in steel samples. Through systematic research, the optimal parameter combination was determined as follows: a spectral acquisition delay time of 5 000 ns, an argon shielding atmosphere, a total gas flow rate of 9 L·min⁻¹, and a spectrometer backend branch flow rate of 4 L·min-1. By applying a series of spectral preprocessing methods such as noise deduction, background correction, spectral smoothing, intensity correction, and internal standard method, the stability and signal-to-noise ratio of the spectral signals were effectively improved. On this basis, a polynomial quantitative model was established between the carbon spectral line intensity ratio and its content, with both the coefficient of determination and the adjusted coefficient of determination exceeding 0.99. Tracking test results conducted on converter steel samples showed that 98.53% of the detection results had deviations within mass fraction ±0.02%, and 82.35% fell within mass fraction ±0.01%. Moreover, the single detection time was reduced from 30 s to 5 s, validating the feasibility and engineering applicability of LIBS technology for the rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of carbon in steel.
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