从工程史中撷取工程师精神——以京张铁路工程中的工程师为例
Extracting the Spirit of Engineers from the History of Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway Engineering
工程是人类与自然相互作用的产物,工程师在工程实施中起主体作用。工程师精神体现在工程建造过程中,也体现在工程师之间的交流中。在京张铁路建设过程中,以詹天佑为代表的工程师团队在工程实践过程中体现了为国争光的爱国精神、严谨求精的至臻精神、共同协作的团队精神、审时度势的务实精神和冷静理智的反思精神。工程师精神与时俱进,但其基本的内涵不会改变。从工程史中撷取工程师精神,既可探寻工程师精神的历史脉络,也可为当代工程师精神提供可借鉴的内容。
Engineering is a product of the interaction between humans and nature, and engineers play a leading role in the implementation of engineering. The engineers spirit is a meaningful research goal,and it is reflected in the construction process and also in the communication between engineers. By studying the history of engineering, we can summarize the spirit of engineers. The Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway is an important railway in the history of Chinese railways. This article explores the engineers spirit by examining the work of engineers in the history of the Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway. Based on letters, diaries, and research results, classify and discuss them, and summarize several characteristics of engineers spirit. Provide reference for future research.Through research, the paper believes that in the process of the Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway, the engineering team represented by Zhan Tianyou demonstrated the spirit of engineers in the engineering practice process, which includes the following points: (1) The patriotic spirit: The Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway was built in the late Qing Dynasty. Zhan Tianyou was not afraid of difficulties, overcame difficulties, and considered the country. His patriotism is reflected in his letters to friends. Take pride in the work you are engaged in. (2) The spirit of striving for excellence: In the construction of the Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway project, engineers such as Zhan Tianyou were very precise in budget estimation and constantly improving in technology, reflecting the rigorous spirit of the engineers. By selecting railway routes, excavating the Badaling Tunnel, conducting multiple surveys, and selecting the optimal route, zero deviation was achieved in the project. (3) Team spirit: In the Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway project, the team was composed of the most outstanding engineers from China at that time, actively participating in the construction of the project. Each engineer has clear division of labor, clear responsibilities, and teamwork, becoming one of the first railway engineers in China. (4) Pragmatic spirit: Engineers do not blindly pursue advanced production tools, but make choices based on the actual situation of workers. In engineering, use explosives with higher safety to avoid accidents. Zhan Tianyou cautiously adopts a "Z" shaped route and adds tunnels according to local conditions. (5) Reflection spirit: As a decision-maker in the project, Zhan Tianyou was well aware that taking the Qinglongqiao as the route for the Beijing—Zhangjiakou Railway was not the best solution from an engineering perspective. The spirit of engineers is a whole. Engineers have their unique qualities, especially their practicality and sociality. The spirit of engineers keeps pace with the times, but its eternal connotation will not change. Extracting the spirit of engineers from the history of engineering can not only explore the historical context of the spirit of engineers, but also provide reference content for the spirit of engineers.
本路工程始终出力各员为:正工程司颜君德庆、陈君西林、俞君人凤、翟君兆麟,工程司柴君俊畴、张君鸿诰、苏君以昭、张君俊波等,余繁不及备载。[5]
我很幸运能得到当前的职务。中国正在觉醒,已感到需要铁路。几乎在中国各地,现在都需要中国工程师,用本国的资金,修筑中国自己的铁路。我好像成了中国为首的工程师,所有的中国人和外国人都在密切地注视着我的工作,如果我失败了,那就不仅是我个人的不幸,而且是所有的中国工程师和中国人的不幸,因若如此,中国工程师将失掉大众的信任。
在我任此职务以前,甚至于就任以后,许多外国人公然宣称中国工程师不可能担任如此艰巨的铁路工程;既需开凿坚硬的岩石,又需修筑极长的山洞。我不顾一切,坚持进行工作,首段工程终于完成。[7]27
(在中国官办事业中服务)与外国洋行极不相同,这必将经历相当的风险。因此,我不能保证你永被录用,但我将为你尽我最大的努力,你可相信我这一点。如果此路修筑失败,连我自己也必须另谋他职。愿你了解,我已将自己表白清楚,并希望不久即能见到你。[6]2-3
从南口第50测站继续前进,至第65测站为止,总共只前进7里,所以缓慢的原因,是今日所经过的路线进入山区,非常崎岖难行,而且有很多弯路。我沿着河道而行,尽可能靠近山坡,那里有一条由官府修筑的大道。详情如下:第50至第51测站经过园地通过南口城墙缺口,填高平均约需6英尺,需4英尺排水口一处。第51至第52测站走经河床,路堤平均高约需7英尺,此处必须用坚石砌护路堤,以防止在雨季时,由于急流撞击而造成冲刷。第52至第53测站穿过南口北关许多房舍,填高平均约需4英尺。第53至第54测站一直沿着官府大道而行,线路可顺着大道取平,路堤高平均需2英尺。[7]111-112
The Peking-Kalgan, or Ching-Chang, Railway that is being now built is entirely in the hands of Chinese, there being not a single foreigner connected in any way with the construction from its very conception. The work is under the superintendence of Taotai Chan Tien-yu, better known as Jeme Tien-yow, A.M.I. C.E., London, a returned American student, who graduated from the Shefield Scientific Department of Yale University, U.S. A., in 1881 where he obtained his degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. A portion of the Ching-Chang Railway is to be tunnelled a distance of nearly a hundred feet at the Pata Pass, or Pataling, near the Great Wall. When completed the new line will have cost the Chinese something about seven and a-half million taels.[10][笔者译:正在修建的京张铁路完全由中国自主承建,自工程之初的规划构想至施工建设全过程,均未聘用任何外籍人员参与。该工程由道台詹天佑全权负责。詹天佑先生系美国耶鲁大学谢菲尔德科学学院1881年哲学学士,归国留学生,英国土木工程师学会会员 。京张铁路部分路段需穿越长城附近的八达岭(亦称八达岭口),拟开凿长约百英尺之隧道。全线竣工后,预计耗资约七百五十万两白银。]
我们铺设了12英里2轨道,每日开行工程列车,大约在6月份铺轨可望到达南口,距离有35英里。在雨季过去以后,此段将开办营业。这条铁路全长125英里,此路的全称是“官办京张铁路”。[7]14-15
洁己奉公,不辞劳怨。勤慎精细,恪守范围。
志趋诚笃,无挟偏私。明体达用,善于调度。
线经数易,绕行该处东沟,添凿山洞,线可绕长六百余尺,则坡度可勉作三十分之一。为山势所限,路线不能再行绕长,即坡度不能再行作好。[18]
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内蒙古自治区一流学科科研专项项目:中国近代铁路技术文献整理与研究(YLXKZX-NSD-066)
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