从“事实”与“价值”问题到“设计”问题
From the Problem of Fact and Value to the Problem of Design
事实与价值的分合这一古老的问题,不仅是哲学的基础问题,在现代,也成为了人类命运所系的现实问题。休谟以来的主流观点认为,事实与价值之所以分离,因为实然无法推出应然。但是,事实与价值的模态,可以对齐的是,实然与诚然,必然与应然,可能与可以,而不是实然与应然,并且,实然与诚然才是“是”在事实与价值两个面向的基本范畴。按照这种对齐,将塔斯基解决说谎者悖论的方式扩展到价值的面向,可以发现关于“是”的一般规则,即,实然与诚然相互蕴含。在此基础上,可以发现,关于悖论与矛盾的基本规则,就是逻辑与伦理相互蕴含的基本规则。虽然目前为止,科学与人文是在相互分离的情况下发展起来的,但如果以逻辑与伦理相互蕴含的基本规则为前提,科学与人文可以共同成为确定客观的“可能”与主观的“可以”的基本学科,工程技术与文化艺术的“设计”在此基础上才可能并且可以是具体的“事实”与“价值”贯通的“造物”活动。由此,本文呈现了一种从“事实”与“价值”的基础理论问题到具体“造物”设计问题的“体用一源”的解决方案。
The ancient problem of the separation and unity of fact and value is not only a fundamental issue in philosophy but also a practical concern crucial to human destiny in modern times. Since Hume, the mainstream view has held that the separation of fact and value arises because "what is" cannot derive "what ought to be". Due to this conundrum, various attempts to unify fact and value, both before and after Hume, have failed to effectively reverse the trend of separation from foundational theory to practical application. However, if we regard "actuality" as the basic modality of fact and further subdivide it into necessity and possibility, then we can similarly regard "sincerity" as the basic modality of value and distinguish its modalities into obligation and permissibility. This alignment pairs "actuality" with "sincerity", necessity with obligation, and possibility with permissibility, rather than "actuality" with "necessity". By extending Tarski's approach to solving the liar paradox to the realm of value, we can derive a general rule of "being": A subjective element corresponds to an objective element if and only if the objective element is what the subjective element signifies. This rule expresses that the "being" of fact and the "being" of value mutually imply each other; fact and value (meaning) are mutually implicative.To date, logic and ethics, since Aristotle, have evolved and developed in isolation and even in conflict with each other. The categories of fact and value—such as actuality and sincerity, necessity and obligation, possibility and permissibility—have, under this separation, formed the current definitions and usages without effective alignment. This paper, based on the general rule of "being," rearticulates the fundamental rules concerning paradoxes and contradictions. It reveals that the basic rules of logic since ancient Greece and the basic rules of ethics or moral philosophy since pre-Qin China are inherently mutually implicative. According to these mutually implicative rules of logic and ethics, the modalities of fact—actuality, necessity, and possibility—and the modalities of value—sincerity, obligation, and permissibility—are mutually implicative. Although science and humanities have developed in isolation thus far, if we take the mutually implicative rules of logic and ethics as a premise, science and humanities can jointly become foundational disciplines for determining objective possibility and subjective permissibility. Only on this basis can the "design" of engineering technology and cultural arts become concrete "fact" and "value"-integrated "creation" activities.Thus, this paper presents a solution that spans from the foundational theoretical problem of "fact" and "value" to the practical design problem of "creation," embodying a "unity of essence and application" approach.
(表达式)“可能属于”和“不是不可能属于”和“不是必然不属于”或者是同一的,或者从一个推出另一个。(Prior Analytics, A13, 32a25-261)[16]18
p是可能的,当且仅当,非p不是必然的。[17]4
从命题“那不能不是”或“那并非偶然不是”,推出命题“那必然是”和“那不可能不是”。(De Interpretatione, 13, 22a21-23)[18]61
p是必然的,当且仅当,非p不是可能的。[17]4
被允许的(permitted可以的)是对一位好人来说可能做的事情;应该的(obligatory必须的)是对一位好人来说必然做的事情。[19]159
一个事情是,却说它不是,或者,它不是,却说它是,这是假的;而一个事情是,便说它是,或者,它不是,便说它不是,这是真的。(Metaphysics, Ⅳ, 7, 1011b25-27)[24]65
一个语句的真在于它对应于(或者符合)事实。[23]343
知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。[25]
言汝实知之事则为知之,实不知之事则为不知,此是真知也。若其知之,反隐曰不知:及不知,妄言我知,皆非知也。[25]
但所知者则以为知,所不知者则以为不知。如此则虽或不能尽知,而无自欺之蔽,亦不害其为知矣。[21]
该文章第347页第31行打印的这句话是错的。[23]347
s是真的,当且仅当,s不是真的。[23]348
x是真的,当且仅当,p。[23]344
一个事情是,便说它是,或者,它不是,便说它不是,这是真的。(Metaphysics, Ⅳ, 7, 1011b26-27)[24]65
知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。[25]
一个事情是,却说它不是,或者,它不是,却说它是,这是假的。(Metaphysics, Ⅳ, 7, 1011b25-26)[24]65
若其知之,反隐曰不知:及不知,妄言我知,皆非知也。[25]
一个事物是它自身,这一事实是所有诸如此类问题的(唯一)解答,即,为什么人是人或者音乐家是音乐方面的。(Metaphysics, Ⅶ, 17, 1041a16-18)[24]131
惟一者,既辨得是非,却要守得彻头彻尾。惟其如此,故于应事接物之际,头头捉著中。惟精是致知,惟一是力行,不可偏废。[22]
认为同样的事情是并且不是,这是不可能成立的。(Metaphysics,Ⅳ, 3, 1005b23-24)[24]53
矢人岂不仁于函人哉?矢人唯恐不伤人,函人唯恐伤人。巫匠亦然,故术不可不慎也。[21]
肯定或否定要么是真的,要么是假的,这是必然的。(De Interpretatione, 9, 18a28-29)[18]50
凡事有一半是,一半不是,须要精辨其是非。[22]
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国家任务/科技部“新一代人工智能”国家科技重大专项(2022ZD0117900)
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