Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Show less
文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-02-20
2026-06-25
Issue Date
2026-06-11
PDF (3957K)
摘要
太阳能作为一种可再生且环境友好的能源,正逐渐成为能源转型的核心方向。利用太阳能电池将光能转化为电能,是当前太阳能资源开发的主要方式。在各类太阳能电池中,晶硅太阳能电池凭借优异的能量转换效率和稳定性,始终占据市场主导地位。近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池(perovskite solar cells, PSCs)因其快速提升的光电转换效率、简便的制造工艺以及较低的生产成本,成为光伏领域的研究热点。目前实验室条件下,PSCs的光电转换效率已突破26%。但PSCs的性能和稳定性受到钙钛矿材料结构、器件界面质量及封装技术等因素制约。本文综述了近年来钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展,重点探讨材料科学、效率与稳定性优化方面的成果,剖析制造工艺中的现存问题,并就大面积制备、长期稳定性以及环境毒性等应用挑战展开讨论,同时展望未来发展趋势。通过对该领域技术发展现状的系统梳理,阐述了钙钛矿太阳能电池所面临的挑战及其发展潜力。
Abstract
This paper delves into the latest progress, challenges, and future directions of perovskite solar cells. It starts with an introduction to the background knowledge of solar cells, emphasizing the significance of solar energy and outlining the development and main types of solar cells. Then, it thoroughly discusses the research advancements in perovskite solar cells, noting that their rapidly increasing photoelectric conversion efficiency, simplified manufacturing process, and low production cost have made them a research hotspot in the photovoltaic field. Currently, the laboratory efficiency of perovskite solar cells has exceeded 26%, but their performance and stability are still constrained by factors such as material structure, device interface quality, and packaging technology.
In terms of materials, the paper provides a detailed introduction to traditional solar cell materials and perovskite materials, highlighting the low cost, low energy consumption, and excellent photoelectric properties of perovskite materials. It points out that the general chemical formula of perovskite materials is ABX₃, where A usually represents organic cations, B represents metal cations, and X represents halide anions. By adjusting the proportion of A, B, and X ions, the photoelectric properties of perovskite materials can be significantly changed, thereby providing various ways to optimize the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.
Regarding device fabrication and optimization, the paper explains the working principle of perovskite solar cells and introduces various fabrication techniques such as spin coating and vacuum-assisted deposition, as well as the role of interface engineering in enhancing battery performance. It also discusses the optimization of device structures, including planar formal structures, planar heterojunction structures, and HTL-free structures. Through interface engineering and structural optimization, the open-circuit voltage and fill factor of the battery can be effectively improved, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The paper also focuses on the challenges faced by perovskite solar cells in large-area fabrication, long-term stability, and environmental toxicity. Despite significant laboratory efficiency, maintaining high efficiency during large-area fabrication remains an obstacle. Additionally, the stability of perovskite solar cells needs to be improved due to their sensitivity to environmental factors, and the toxicity issue of lead-based perovskites is urgent. It emphasizes that while encapsulation technology can reduce the risk of lead leakage, only in-depth research on lead-free materials can fundamentally eliminate toxicity hazards.
Finally, the paper outlines the future development trends of perovskite solar cells. It is expected that with the deepening of materials science and interface optimization research, fabrication processes will be optimized, and conversion efficiency will continue to increase. Improvements in encapsulation technology will enhance stability and service life, while research on lead-free materials is expected to solve toxicity issues, promoting the development of perovskite solar cells towards more environmentally friendly and safer directions. The paper concludes that perovskite solar cells, as a new type of photovoltaic technology, have shown great application potential with their high photoelectric conversion efficiency and low manufacturing cost. Despite numerous challenges, continuous research and technological innovation are expected to make perovskite solar cells an important part of future sustainable energy solutions.
钙钛矿太阳能电池的工作原理与晶硅太阳能电池相仿,均基于光电效应实现光能向电能的转换。当阳光照射至钙钛矿层,光子激发产生电子-空穴对。这些载流子随后被电子传输层(electron transport layer, ETL)和空穴传输层(hole transport layer, HTL)捕获并传输到两端电极,再通过外接闭合回路收集所产生的电能。
钙钛矿/有机叠层太阳能电池(PO-TSCs)在高效光伏器件、可穿戴电子设备和半透明建筑集成光伏等领域具有广泛的应用前景。然而,混合卤化物钙钛矿中的卤化物分层和能量损失问题限制了其性能和稳定性。Chen等[52]利用阳离子合金化策略,在钙钛矿中引入咪唑阳离子(IA)调节晶格特性和钝化缺陷,实现了均匀的卤化物分布和显著降低的缺陷密度。Jiang等[53]引入环己烷1,4-二铵二碘化物(CyDAI2)的顺反异构体作为钝化剂,研究了顺式和反式CyDAI2在钙钛矿表面的不同行为,最终减少宽禁带钙钛矿太阳能电池中的电压损失,从而提高钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池的整体性能。Liu等[54]使用[2-(9H-咔唑-9-基)乙基]磷酸(2PACz)改性聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)∶聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(PEDOT∶PSS)作为互联层(ICL)中的HTL,这有助于电荷载流子的提取,减少ICL中的电荷载流子复合,并实现了更薄的PEDOT∶PSS以减少寄生吸收。He等[55]通过使用吡啶溴化物(PBP)与钙钛矿层之间的氢键和配位相互作用协同抑制了离子迁移,并使用V2O5优化ICL结构实现更低的损耗界面,增强对近红外光的透射,减少了能量损失。Wu等[56]通过开发四元有机体异质结(BHJ)混合物来增强电池中的电荷提取,使用了(4-(3,6-二甲基-9H-咔唑-9-基)丁基)磷酸(Me-4PACz)与有机BHJ结合,形成MoO x /SAM界面,以降低能量势垒并促进电荷收集。
CelikI, PhillipsA B, SongZ N, et al. Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2017, 10(9): 1874-1884.
LiB Q, KangS M, DuanK. Comprehensive and discussed several methods of using solar energy[J]. Shanxi Architecture, 2007, 33(27): 14-16.
[4]
BattagliaC, CuevasA, De WolfS. High-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells: Status and perspectives[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(5): 1552-1576.
[5]
MajorJ D. Grain boundaries in CdTe thin film solar cells: A review[J]. Semiconductor Science and Technology, 2016, 31(9): 093001.
[6]
ArutyunovV S, LisichkinG V. Energy resources of the 21st century: Problems and forecasts. can renewable energy sources replace fossil fuels?[J]. Russian Chemical Reviews, 2017, 86(8): 777-804.
[7]
CaoF R, BianL K, LiL. Perovskite solar cells with high-efficiency exceeding 25%: A review[J]. Energy Materials and Devices, 2024, 2(1): 9370018.
[8]
ZhouJ J, TanL G, LiuY, et al. Highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells via a multifunctional hole transporting material[J]. Joule, 2024, 8(6): 1691-1706.
[9]
ZhaoS K, HuK X, HuangM, et al. Optimization of capillary suspension silver pastes for enhanced metallization in silicon solar Cells: A comparative analysis of screen-printing and pattern transfer printing[J]. Solar Energy, 2024, 277: 112746.
[10]
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Best research-cell efficiency chart[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11].
[11]
LeeT D, EbongA U. A review of thin film solar cell technologies and challenges[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 70: 1286-1297.
[12]
BelghachiA, HelmaouiA, CheknaneA. High efficiency all-GaAs solar cell[J]. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2010, 18(2): 79-82.
[13]
RamanujamJ, SinghU P. Copper indium gallium selenide based solar cells: A review[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2017, 10(6): 1306-1319.
[14]
PoplawskyJ D. Cadmium telluride solar cells: Record-breaking voltages[J]. Nature Energy, 2016, 1(3): 16021.
[15]
KimJ Y, LeeJ W, JungH S, et al. High-efficiency perovskite solar cells[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2020, 120(15): 7867-7918.
ZhouL L, ZhangX Y, LinC D, et al. Perovskite materials: Potential star in the field of thermoelectricity[J]. Journal of Engineering Studies, 2024, 16(4): 375-389.
[18]
StranksS D, EperonG E, GranciniG, et al. Electron-hole diffusion lengths exceeding 1 micrometer in an organometal trihalide perovskite absorber[J]. Science, 2013, 342(6156): 341-344.
[19]
RezaeeE, ZhangW, SilvaS R P. Solvent engineering as a vehicle for high quality thin films of perovskites and their device fabrication[J]. Small, 2021, 17(25): 2008145.
[20]
SeshaiahK V, KimJ H. Nature of defects and their passivation engineering for advancements in perovskite solar cells[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 492: 152370.
[21]
GarlandJ E, CrainD J, ZhengJ P, et al. Electro-analytical characterization of photovoltaic cells by combining voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy: Voltage dependent parameters of a silicon solar cell under controlled illumination and temperature[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4(2): 485-498.
[22]
OnoL K, ParkN G, ZhuK, et al. Perovskite solar cells: Towards commercialization[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2017, 2(8): 1749-1751.
[23]
JungK, ChaeW S, ParkY C, et al. Influence of Lewis base HMPA on the properties of efficient planar MAPbI3 solar cells fabricated by one-step process assisted by Lewis acid-base adduct approach[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 380: 122436.
[24]
XiaoT, HaoM W, DuanT W, et al. Elimination of grain surface concavities for improved perovskite thin-film interfaces[J]. Nature Energy, 2024, 9(8): 999-1010.
[25]
ZhangW Y, ZhouQ S, QiuJ M, et al. Synergistic effects of the physical modification and chemical passivation enabling efficient perovskite solar cells[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 497: 154864.
[26]
LiF Q, HuangX F, MaC Q, et al. Tailoring the interface with a multifunctional ligand for highly efficient and stable FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells and modules[J]. Advanced Science, 2023, 10(21): 2301603.
[27]
HanY P, XieH B, LimE L, et al. Review of two-step method for lead halide perovskite solar cells[J]. Solar RRL, 2022, 6(6): 2101007.
[28]
ZhaoY, MaF, QuZ H, et al. Inactive (PbI2)2RbCl stabilizes perovskite films for efficient solar cells[J]. Science, 2022, 377(6605): 531-534.
[29]
PaliwalA, ZanoniK P S, Roldán-CarmonaC, et al. Fully vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells in substrate configuration[J]. Matter, 2023, 6(10): 3499-3508.
[30]
LiH, ZhouJ J, TanL G, et al. Sequential vacuum-evaporated perovskite solar cells with more than 24% efficiency[J]. Science Advances, 2022, 8(28): eabo7422.
[31]
YouJ B, YangY M, HongZ R, et al. Moisture assisted perovskite film growth for high performance solar cells[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 105(18): 183902.
[32]
XieF X, ZhangD, SuH M, et al. Vacuum-assisted thermal annealing of CH3NH3PbI3 for highly stable and efficient perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(1): 639-646.
[33]
NyiekaaE A, AikaT A, OrukpeP E, et al. Development on inverted perovskite solar cells: A review[J]. Heliyon, 2024, 10(2): e24689.
[34]
YanW B, LiY L, LiY, et al. High-performance hybrid perovskite solar cells with open circuit voltage dependence on hole-transporting materials[J]. Nano Energy, 2015, 16: 428-437.
[35]
LiH, XieG S, FangJ, et al. Holistic dielectric and buffer interfacial layers enable high-efficiency perovskite solar cells and modules[J]. Nano Energy, 2024, 124: 109507.
[36]
YangW S, NohJ H, JeonN J, et al. High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange[J]. Science, 2015, 348(6240): 1234-1237.
[37]
TongY, NajarA, WangL, et al. Wide-bandgap organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Science, 2022, 9(14): 2105085.
[38]
GuL L, WangS B, FangX, et al. High-performance large-area perovskite solar cells enabled by confined space sublimation[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(30): 33870-33878.
[39]
RahmanyS, EtgarL. Semitransparent perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5(5): 1519-1531.
[40]
PengW B, ZhangY, ZhouX Y, et al. A versatile energy-level-tunable hole-transport layer for multi-composition inverted perovskite solar cells[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2025, 18(2): 874-883.
[41]
IsikgorF H, LiB C, ZhuH, et al. High performance planar perovskite solar cells with a perovskite of mixed organic cations and mixed halides, MA1-x FA x PbI3-y Cl y [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(32): 12543-12553.
[42]
GreenM A, HishikawaY, WartaW, et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 50)[J]. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2017, 25(7): 668-676.
[43]
HuS F, ThiesbrummelJ, PascualJ, et al. Narrow bandgap metal halide perovskites for all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2024, 124(7): 4079-4123.
[44]
ZhaoX M, YaoC, LiuT R, et al. Extending the photovoltaic response of perovskite solar cells into the near-infrared with a narrow-bandgap organic semiconductor[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(49): e1904494.
[45]
ZhangH, PfeiferL, ZakeeruddinS M, et al. Tailoring passivators for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 2023, 7(9): 632-652.
[46]
YangF J, ZhuK. Advances in mixed tin-lead narrow-bandgap perovskites for single-junction and all-perovskite tandem solar cells[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(31): 2314341.
[47]
LiuX X, ZhangJ J, TangL T, et al. Over 28% efficiency perovskite/Cu(InGa)Se2 tandem solar cells: Highly efficient sub-cells and their bandgap matching[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2023, 16(11): 5029-5042.
[48]
FangZ, DengB R, JinY B, et al. Surface reconstruction of wide-bandgap perovskites enables efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 10554.
[49]
ZhangJ Q, WangJ N, ZhouQ S, et al. Dual-source defect managing of tin-lead perovskite for efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35(8): 2415797.
[50]
YuD N, PanM L, LiuG Q, et al. Electron-withdrawing organic ligand for high-efficiency all-perovskite tandem solar cells[J]. Nature Energy, 2024, 9(3): 298-307.
[51]
YangM, BaiY, MengY Y, et al. Sn-Pb perovskite with strong light and oxygen stability for all-perovskite tandem solar cells[J]. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(4): 2415627.
[52]
AllenT G, UgurE, AydinE, et al. A practical efficiency target for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2025, 10(1): 238-245.
[53]
LiX, YingZ Q, LiS, et al. Top-down dual-interface carrier management for highly efficient and stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2025, 17(1): 141.
[54]
ChenM Q, LiY X, ZengZ X, et al. Regulating the crystallization of mixed-halide perovskites by cation alloying for perovskite–organic tandem solar cells[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2024, 17(24): 9580-9589.
[55]
JiangX, QinS C, MengL, et al. Isomeric diammonium passivation for perovskite-organic tandem solar cells[J]. Nature, 2024, 635(8040): 860-866.
[56]
LiuS T, HaoL, YuJ K, et al. High-performance and stable perovskite/organic tandem solar cells enabled by interconnecting layer engineering[J]. ACS Nano, 2025, 19(1): 748-759.
[57]
HeZ W, YuR N, DongY M, et al. Minimized optical/electrical energy loss for 25.1% monolithic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 1773.
[58]
WuX, ZhangD, LiuB Z, et al. Optimization of charge extraction and interconnecting layers for highly efficient perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with high fill factor[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(49): 2410692.
[59]
YinX X, SongZ N, LiZ F, et al. Toward ideal hole transport materials: A review on recent progress in dopant-free hole transport materials for fabricating efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2020, 13(11): 4057-4086.
[60]
OuedraogoN A N, OdunmbakuG O, GuoB, et al. Oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(30): 34303-34327.
[61]
LiuX, WangK X, LiuR Y, et al. D-π-D hole transport materials based on dioctylfluorene for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells without pre-oxidation[J]. Dyes and Pigments, 2022, 204: 110452.
[62]
DongY Y, RombachF M, MinG H, et al. Dopant-induced interactions in spiro-OMeTAD: Advancing hole transport for perovskite solar cells[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2025, 162: 100875.
[63]
KimK, KimM, LeeH, et al. Multi-functional PEDOT: PSS as the efficient perovskite solar cells[J]. Small, 2024, 20(38): 2402341.
[64]
HuL J, LiM, YangK, et al. PEDOT: PSS monolayers to enhance the hole extraction and stability of perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(34): 16583-16589.
[65]
WuF, YanK R, WuH T, et al. Tuning interfacial chemical interaction for high-performance perovskite solar cell with PEDOT: PSS as hole transporting layer[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9(26): 14920-14927.
[66]
RezaK M, GurungA, BahramiB, et al. Tailored PEDOT: PSS hole transport layer for higher performance in perovskite solar cells: Enhancement of electrical and optical properties with improved morphology[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020, 44: 41-50.
[67]
ZhaoB, HuangX Z, ChungS, et al. Hole-selective-molecule doping improves the layer thickness tolerance of PEDOT: PSS for efficient organic solar cells[J]. eScience, 2025, 5(1): 100305.
[68]
WangM, WangH X, LiW, et al. Defect passivation using ultrathin PTAA layers for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with a high fill factor and eliminated hysteresis[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(46): 26421-26428.
[69]
BiH, FujiwaraY, KapilG, et al. Perovskite solar cells consisting of PTAA modified with monomolecular layer and application to all-perovskite tandem solar cells with efficiency over 25%[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(32): 2300089.
[70]
Yaghoobi NiaN, ZendehdelM, Abdi-JalebiM, et al. Beyond 17% stable perovskite solar module via polaron arrangement of tuned polymeric hole transport layer[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 82: 105685.
[71]
WangL, YuanS H, QianF, et al. Electrophilic molecule-induced π-π interactions reduce energy disorder of the hole transport layer for highly efficient perovskite solar modules[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2024, 17(21): 8337-8348.
[72]
JungE H, JeonN J, ParkE Y, et al. Efficient, stable and scalable perovskite solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene)[J]. Nature, 2019, 567(7749): 511-515.
[73]
XuD D, GongZ M, JiangY, et al. Constructing molecular bridge for high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells based on P3HT[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 7020.
[74]
TongJ J, DongC, ArnalV M, et al. Synergistic potentiation between P3HT and PTAA enables blade-coated carbon-electrode perovskite solar cells with >21% outdoor and >35% indoor efficiencies[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 501: 157577.
[75]
SharmaD, MehraR, RajB. Comparative study of hole transporting layers commonly used in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2022, 57(45): 21172-21191.
[76]
SuoJ J, YangB W, BogachukD, et al. The dual use of SAM molecules for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15(2): 2400205.
[77]
DaiZ H, YadavalliS K, ChenM, et al. Interfacial toughening with self-assembled monolayers enhances perovskite solar cell reliability[J]. Science, 2021, 372(6542): 618-622.
[78]
AlmasabiK, ZhengX P, TurediB, et al. Hole-transporting self-assembled monolayer enables efficient single-crystal perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2023, 8(2): 950-956.
[79]
ZhangS T, JiangX F, WangX, et al. Complementary self-assembled monolayers enabling improved energy level alignment in inverted perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2025, 104: 136-145.
[80]
ZhouC, WangF, AiX B, et al. Dual interfacial modification with 1D perovskite for self-assembled monolayer based inverted perovskite solar cells[J]. Nano Energy, 2024, 128: 109811.
[81]
FuS, SunN N, ChenH, et al. Homogenizing SAM deposition via seeding —OH groups for scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2025, 18(7): 3305-3312.
[82]
MarinovaN, TressW, Humphry-BakerR, et al. Light harvesting and charge recombination in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells studied by hole transport layer thickness variation[J]. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(4): 4200-4209.
[83]
ZhouY, HuangX Z, ZhangJ S, et al. Interfacial modification of NiO x for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2024, 14(25): 2400616.
[84]
SunQ D, SadhuA, LieS, et al. Critical review of Cu-based hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells: From theoretical insights to experimental validation[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(31): 2402412.
[85]
KhanF, RezguiB D, KimJ H. Analysis of PV cell parameters of solution processed Cu-doped nickel oxide hole transporting layer-based organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells[J]. Solar Energy, 2020, 209: 226-234.
[86]
YooJ W, JangJ, KimU, et al. Efficient perovskite solar mini-modules fabricated via bar-coating using 2-methoxyethanol-based formamidinium lead tri-iodide precursor solution[J]. Joule, 2021, 5(9): 2420-2436.
[87]
KimJ, YunJ S, ChoY, et al. Overcoming the challenges of large-area high-efficiency perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2017, 2(9): 1978-1984.
[88]
ChenS S, XiaoX, ChenB, et al. Crystallization in one-step solution deposition of perovskite films: Upward or downward?[J]. Science Advances, 2021, 7(4): eabb2412.
[89]
YuanY B, HuangJ S. Ion migration in organometal trihalide perovskite and its impact on photovoltaic efficiency and stability[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2016, 49(2): 286-293.
[90]
ShaoY C, FangY J, LiT, et al. Grain boundary dominated ion migration in polycrystalline organic–inorganic halide perovskite films[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(5): 1752-1759.
[91]
KhenkinM V, KatzE A, AbateA, et al. Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures[J]. Nature Energy, 2020, 5(1): 35-49.
[92]
LiB W, DengJ, JayawardenaK D G I, et al. Unraveling the degradation pathway of inverted perovskite solar cells based on ISOS-D-1 protocol[J]. Small Methods, 2024, 8(2): 2300223.
[93]
LiL, WeiM Y, CarnevaliV, et al. Buried-interface engineering enables efficient and 1960-hour ISOS-L-2I stable inverted perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(13): 2303869.
[94]
LuX Y, SunK X, WangY H, et al. Dynamic reversible oxidation-reduction of iodide ions for operationally stable perovskite solar cells under ISOS-L-3 protocol[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(25): 2400852.
[95]
HasanO, ArifA F M. Performance and life prediction model for photovoltaic modules: Effect of encapsulant constitutive behavior[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2014, 122: 75-87.
[96]
LiW, BaoX Z, ZhuA N, et al. Internal encapsulation enables efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35(4): 2414004.
[97]
ChoiY W, JeonY S, LeeD N, et al. Microencapsulation of grain boundaries for moisture-stable perovskite solar cells[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2024, 9(8): 3754-3765.
[98]
YangZ Z, ZhangY L, WuG Z, et al. Internal capsulation via self-cross-linking and π-effects achieves highly stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(49): 2410425.
[99]
GuoK P, WuM, YangS M, et al. Introduction of fluorine into spiro [fluorene-9, 9'-xanthene]-based hole transport material to obtain sensitive-dopant-free, high efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Solar RRL, 2019, 3(4): 1800352.
[100]
LiB, CaiY, TianX, et al. Decorating hole transport material with —CF3 groups for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 62: 523-531.
[101]
DiptaS S, RahimM A, UddinA. Encapsulating perovskite solar cells for long-term stability and prevention of lead toxicity[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 2024, 11(2): 021301.
YuW J, ZouY, WangH T, et al. Breaking the bottleneck of lead-free perovskite solar cells through dimensionality modulation[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2024, 53(4): 1769-1788.