以善为基:工程中的精神
Building on Goodness: The Spirit in Engineering
从历史和逻辑双重视角,追索、辨析工程中的精神的凝练过程,提炼出工程精神的内核和架构。指出中文语境中的“工匠精神”语词,是经历了汉语驯化的相关外来意识的综合性表达,有其特定人群载体,不能简单理解或移用为工程精神。主张工程精神是在工匠精神、科学精神、企业家精神、商业精神和人文精神的历史滋养中,在工程职业及工程职业组织的发展、工程师群体的成长中历史地迭代、凝练出来的。工程由人的目的性引发,依主观决策而取舍,而科学是对客观规律的探索,力求反映客观的真实。科学精神以认识论为基础,以“真”为其认识论内核;工程精神以价值观为基础,以“善”为其价值观内核。仿效默顿的科学精神界定和三层次解析方式,提出对工程精神的价值观层次、认识论层次和社会关系层次的解析。将价值观置于认识论之前,主张只有具备“工程善”的项目才可以被决策者所选择。
From both historical and logical perspectives, we trace and analyze the condensation process of the spirit in engineering. By drawing on Merton's definition and analysis of the scientific spirit, we attempt to provide a definition of the engineering spirit and distill its core and framework. It is pointed out that the term “craftsman spirit” in the Chinese context is a comprehensive expression of related foreign consciousness that has undergone the domestication of the Chinese language. It has its specific group of carriers and cannot be simply understood or transferred to the concept of engineering spirit. The spirit of engineering has been historically iterated and refined under the nourishment of the spirit of craftsmanship, the spirit of science, the spirit of entrepreneurship, the spirit of business and the spirit of humanity, as well as in the development of the engineering profession and engineering professional organizations and the growth of the group of engineers.
Combining Merton's explanation and construction of the scientific spirit, based on the ASME Code of Ethics of Engineers, which was first established in 1976 and last revised in 2012, And take the IEEE Code of Ethics of the highly representative engineering professional organization, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the release of the“Code of Engineering Ethics of the Chinese Chemical Society”by the Chinese Chemical Society on February 24, 2021 as examples to demonstrate that the scientific spirit is based on epistemology and takes “truth” as its core; The engineering spirit is based on values and takes “goodness” as its core. Engineering is triggered by people's purposefulness and choices are made based on subjective decisions, while science is the exploration of objective laws, striving to reflect objective truth. In the scientific spirit, “logical consistency and practical testability” are used to ensure “seeking truth”, while in the engineering spirit, rigor, standardization, collaboration and innovation are used to guarantee “doing good”, thereby making engineering the guarantee for humanity to move towards a “safe, healthy, prosperous and sustainable future”.
Following Merton's definition of the scientific spirit and the three-level analytical approach, this paper proposes an analysis of the engineering spirit at the value level, epistemological level and social relationship level. Value hierarchy: The primary purpose of engineering is “to do good”—“engineering for good”. The goodness of engineering is reflected in the construction process and functional realization of engineering artifacts, which must be beneficial to current humanity without causing harm to the sustainable development of future generations. Only projects that conform to the goodness of engineering can be decided and selected. Epistemological level: The realization of engineering purposes and the achievement of engineering goals require respect for and utilization of scientific laws, as well as compliance with the standards, norms, and rules formed in the course of human engineering. Engineering progress needs to seek a balance between innovation and inheritance, as well as between risks and benefits. Social relationship level: Engineering is a human undertaking. The entire engineering process should involve the participation of stakeholders and undertake necessary social responsibilities. Engineering is a collaborative undertaking that needs to develop through collaborative progress and innovation. Adhering to morality and ethics is the foundation for long-term human collaboration and also the guarantee for the goodness of engineering.
(1)促进机械及多学科工程及相关科学领域的艺术、科学与实践,以惠及全球各地的各类群体;
(2)鼓励原创性研究;
(3)促进工程教育;
(4)提高工程标准;
(5)促进工程师及其他人员之间的信息交流;
(6)与其他工程及技术协会合作,拓宽工程行业的应用范围;
(7)推动建立高标准的道德规范;
(8)在所有专业及业务关系中,该协会的成员都应遵循协会政策中所规定的道德准则。
由此宗旨中列及的8项组织工作,反映出开拓创新、传承拓展、交流协作、规范严谨和道德责任等价值取向和精神追求[17]。
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