1948年首届中央研究院工程学科院士遴选述略
An Overview of the Election Process for the First Academicians in the Engineering of Academia Sinica in 1948
李协、淩鸿勋、唐炳源、茅以升、王宠佑先后当选中央研究院1935年首届和1940年第二届工程学科聘任评议员,与当然评议员周仁组成评议会工程组“指导联络奖励”工程学科的发展。院士选举过程中,无论是茅以升、淩鸿勋提名候选人还是中央研究院最终确定的参考名单,与正式提名名单相比差距甚大,缺漏甚多,显现出个人提名与机构提名的不同。工程学科正式提名55人名列所有学科中第一,经两次淘汰,王宠佑等11人成为正式候选人,最终周仁、侯德榜、茅以升、淩鸿勋、萨本栋5人当选。当选比例低于总体当选率,也低于数理组其他学科,在一定意义上表明工程学科总体水平未能获得学界共同认可。从聘任评议员到院士选举,相对工程事业而言,更注重学术成就,在一定意义上也说明科学院之外设立工程院的合理性,将纯粹的学术与实践的事业予以区分。
The initial two terms of appointed councilors through elections of the Council of Academia Sinica had the same eligibility criteria as the first term of academician elections. Li Xie (Li Yizhi), Ling Hongxun (H. H. Ling), and Tang Bingyuan were successively elected as appointed councilors of the Engineering Discipline in the first council of Academia Sinica formed in 1935, collaborating with the ex officio councilor Zhou Ren (Jen Chow) to guide and facilitate the development of the engineering science through "Direction, Connection, and Rewards". After Li Xie passed away, Mao Yisheng (T. E. Mao) was elected in 1939 to succeed him. Ling Hongxun, Mao Yisheng, and Wang Chongyou (Wang Chungyu) were elected in 1940 for the second term of the Engineering Council and, along with Zhou Ren, actively participated in the selection of the first term of academicians.
During the academician election process, whether it was the candidates nominated by Mao Yisheng and Ling Hongxun or the final reference list determined by the Academia Sinica, there was a significant discrepancy compared to the official nomination list, with many omissions, highlighting the differences between individual and institutional nominations. With 55 nominees, the Engineering Discipline ranked first among the 24 involved disciplines, which on one hand indicates the broad scope of the Engineering field with a large number of researchers, allowing for a wider range of nominations compared to other disciplines. On the other hand, it also demonstrates a certain lack of consensus within the engineering community. After two rounds of elimination, 11 official candidates including Wang Chongyou, Wang Huzhen, Zhou Ren, Shi Jiayang, Hou Debang (T. P. Hou), Mao Yisheng, Ling Hongxun, Cheng Xiaogang, Cai Fangyin (Fang-Yin Tsai), Sa Bendong (A. Pen-tung Sah), and Luo Zhongchen were shortlisted, with an elimination rate of 80%, nearly 10% higher than the overall rate across all disciplines. Finally, Zhou Ren, Hou Debang, Mao Yisheng, Ling Hongxun, and Sa Bendong were elected, with a lower election rate than the overall rate and other disciplines in the Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences.
The number of official candidates and the final election ratio somewhat demonstrates that the overall development level of the Engineering discipline during the Republic of China era did not receive unanimous recognition from the academic community. Certainly, the process from the official nominations to the shortlisted candidates, and then to the final list of elected individuals, also characterizes the developmental state of the various sub-disciplines within Engineering to some extent. The transition from appointed councilors to academicians suggests a greater emphasis on academic achievements over engineering accomplishments, underscoring the rationale for establishing a separate Engineering Academy distinct from the purely academic focus of the Science Academy.
(1)调查国内重要工业原料之产地、产额、价格及制成品之销场,并根据调查所得规划国内重要工业之次第实施方案。
(2)试验及检定各种工业原料、工程材料、机器工具等之成分、强弱、能量、效力及品质。
(3)研究工程及工业学理或应用方面之种种问题。
(4)联合本院内外其他研究机关与有关系之公私团体学者,规定科学及其应用上之各种标准。
(5)受公私方面之委托,代为研究以谋特种问题之解决。
王季同(2):电机及机械工程,前任中央研究院研究员,现任通信研究员。
李协(12):水利工程,前任河海工程学校教授,现任黄河水利委员会委员长。
淩鸿勋(10):土木工程,前交通大学校长,现任株韶铁路局局长。
唐炳源(7):纺织工程,现任无锡庆丰纱厂厂长。
郭承恩(4):电机工程,前任汉冶萍公司工程师及上海兵工厂厂长。
严恩棫(3):矿冶工程,前汉冶萍公司化铁股股长,现任中央研究院工程研究所研究员。
所提还是具第二项资格者为多,都是些已出面的人物。在一种意义上说,这是表示学界的贫乏。这些人诚然是成熟些,但求进步不能靠他们。如果可以不必要表面出色的人物,我这名单中恐怕只有三数人虽不甚出名却是值得抬举。惟院士制之立殆不能无酬庸之意,故提知名人士或反较能符合原意。
平情而论,在中国谈工程学术本不甚易,不可率尔。然买上几千锭子纺纱,或广造多量枪弹,终不可以为即与“导淮”造“钱江桥”同等,至少后者要比前者多用些脑筋,多作些测验,多算些算术!然自子竞观之,皆一列也,故上次举了唐炳源,这次又要举缪嘉铭等。
| [1] |
樊洪业. 前中央研究院的创立及其首届院士选举[J]. 近代史研究, 1990(3): 218-231. |
| [2] |
|
| [3] |
郭金海. 1948年中央研究院第一届院士的选举[J]. 自然科学史研究, 2006, 25(1): 33-49. |
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
周雷鸣. 一九四八年中央研究院院士选举[J]. 南京社会科学, 2006(2): 78-86. |
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
郭金海. 中央研究院第一届院士候选人提名探析[J]. 中国科技史杂志, 2008, 29(4): 326-343. |
| [8] |
|
| [9] |
陈时伟. 中央研究院1948年院士选举述论[C]//中国社会科学院近代史研究所民国史研究室 四川师范大学历史文化学院. 一九四〇年代的中国. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2009. |
| [10] |
|
| [11] |
李来容. 院士制度与民国学术: 1948年院士制度的确立与运作[D]. 天津: 南开大学, 2010. |
| [12] |
|
| [13] |
国立中央研究院文书处. 国立中央研究院十七年度总报告[R]. 南京: 国立中央研究院总办事处, 1929. |
| [14] |
Archives Division of Academic Sinica. Annual Report of Academic Sinica in 1928[R]. Nanjing: General Office of Academic Sinica, 1929. |
| [15] |
国立中央研究院文书处. 国立中央研究院首届评议会第一次报告[R]. 南京: 国立中央研究院总办事处, 1937: 10-11. |
| [16] |
Archives Division of Academic Sinica. The First Report of the First Session of the Council of Academia Sinica[R]. Nanjing: General Office of Academic Sinica, 1937: 10-11. |
| [17] |
中央研究院评议员任免[G]//国民政府档案, 数字典藏号001-032102-00028-017. 中国台北: "国史馆", 299, 304. |
| [18] |
Appointment and dismissal of members of council of Academia Sinica[G]// Archives of the National Government, Digital Archive Number 001-032102-00028-017. Taipei, China: "National History Museum of China", 299, 304. |
| [19] |
王汎森, 潘光哲, 吴政上. 傅斯年遗札: 第2卷[M]. 中国台北: "中央"研究院历史语言研究所, 2011. |
| [20] |
|
| [21] |
张剑. 中央研究院第二届评议会选举及其"学术政治"[J]. 史林, 2023(4): 140-153, 219. |
| [22] |
|
| [23] |
国立中央研究院第二届评议员候选人参考名单[G]//中央研究院档案, 393-2540. 南京: 中国第二历史档案馆. |
| [24] |
The candidate reference list for the second session of Council of Academia Sinica[G]//Archives of Academia Sinica, 393-2540. Nanjing: The Second Historical Archives of China. |
| [25] |
郭金海. 院士制度在中国的创立与重建[M]. 上海: 上海交通大学出版社, 2014. |
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
竺可桢. 竺可桢全集: 第7卷[M]. 樊洪业, 主编. 上海: 上海科技教育出版社, 2005: 316. |
| [28] |
|
| [29] |
茅以升. 中国工程师学会简史[C]//中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会文史资料委员会. 文史资料选辑: 第100辑. 北京: 文史资料出版社, 1985. |
| [30] |
|
| [31] |
中央研究院数理组院士候选人提名表(二)[G]//中央研究院档案, 393-1602. 南京: 中国第二历史档案馆. |
| [32] |
Nomination form for Academician Candidates in the Mathematics and Physics Division of Academia Sinica (Ⅱ) [G]// Archives of Academia Sinica, 393-1602. Nanjing: The Second Historical Archives of China. |
| [33] |
张友仁. 周炳琳文集[C]. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社, 2009: 362. |
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
中国科学技术协会. 中国科学技术专家传略·工程技术编·冶金卷·1[M]. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1995: 10-14. |
| [36] |
China Association for Science and Technology. Brief Introduction of China Science and Technology Experts Engineering Technology Compilation Metallurgical Volume 1[M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 1995: 10-14. |
| [37] |
中国科学技术协会. 中国科学技术专家传略·工程技术编·土木建筑卷1 [M]. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1994. |
| [38] |
China Association for Science and Technology. Brief Introduction of China Science and Technology Experts-1- Engineering Technology Compilation, Civil Construction Volume[M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 1994. |
| [39] |
中国科学技术协会. 中国科学技术专家传略·工程技术编·水利卷1[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2009. |
| [40] |
China Association for Science and Technology. Brief Introduction of China Science and Technology Experts-1- Engineering Technology Compilation, Water Conservancy Volume[M]. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2009. |
| [41] |
中国科学技术协会. 中国科学技术专家传略·工程技术编·交通卷[M]. 北京: 中国铁道出版社, 1995. |
| [42] |
China Association for Science and Technology. Brief Introduction of China Science and Technology Experts-Traffic Volume Compiled by Engineering Technology[M]. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House, 1995. |
| [43] |
张剑. 民国学术评议制度的创立与学术发展[M]. 新北: 花木兰文化事业有限公司, 2024. |
| [44] |
|
| [45] |
朱家骅. 国立中央研究院院士录: 第一辑[M]. 1948: 60-64. |
| [46] |
|
| [47] |
陈武元. 萨本栋博士百年诞辰纪念文集[C]. 厦门: 厦门大学出版社, 2004: 262-266. |
| [48] |
Chen W Y. Dr. A. Pen-tung Sah's Centennial Commemorative Collection[C]. Xiamen: Xiamen University Press, 2004: 262-266. |
| [49] |
《中国科学家传记大辞典》编辑组. 中国现代科学家传记: 第五集[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1994: 772-782. |
| [50] |
The Editorial Group of Chinese Scientist Biography Encyclopedia. Biographies of Modern Chinese Scientists: Volume Five[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994: 772-782. |
| [51] |
夏鼐. 中央研究院第一届院士的分析[J]. 观察, 1948, 5(14): 5. |
| [52] |
|
| [53] |
吴大猷. 吴大猷文选: 第7册[M]. 中国台北: 远流出版事业有限公司, 1986: 101. |
| [54] |
|
| [55] |
张洪沅. 研究经费与工商业[J]. 科学画报, 1936, 3(19): 1. |
| [56] |
|
| [57] |
工业与科学座谈会记录[J]. 科学, 1948, 30(7): 193-198. |
| [58] |
Records of industrial and scientific symposium[J]. Science, 1948, 30(7): 193-198. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |