海南热带雨林国家公园高速公路穿越段的土壤重金属风险评估

Risk assessment of soil heavy metals in the expressway section crossing Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park

摘要

海南热带雨林国家公园是中国唯一有高速公路穿越的国家公园。为揭示高速公路穿越段对海南热带雨林国家公园的潜在影响，本研究选取高速公路穿越段的 3 个地点（什运、毛阳、番阳），研究了道路两侧不同距离及对照样地的表层土壤铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）的含量、空间分布及其主要来源。结果表明：1）Cr 和 Ni 是土壤中主要的累积元素，特别是什运和毛阳路段土壤 Cr 含量超出对照样地分别达 100% 和 83.33%；2）土壤重金属含量总体上呈现随道路距离增加而降低或先增后减的趋势，含量峰值多出现在高速公路 0～10 m 的范围；3）地累积指数显示，部分地点 Cr、Ni 和 Zn 处于无污染到低污染水平；整体生态风险低；4）土壤 Cr 的主要来源为交通排放；Pb、Cu、Zn 主要受成土母质影响，Ni 则为混合来源。海南热带雨林国家公园的高速公路穿越段当前土壤重金属生态风险较低，但 Cr 和 Ni 呈现逐渐累积的趋势。建议加强高速公路穿越段的植被恢复与管理、完善道路径流收集处理措施、重点监测高速公路跨越昌化江路段等生态敏感及脆弱点的动态，防控土壤重金属累积及迁移，保障海南热带雨林国家公园生态安全和高质量建设。

Abstract

Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is the only national park in China with an expressway traversing the Park. To reveal possible potential impacts of the expressway section crossing the National Park, three sites (Zayun, Maoyang, Fanyang) along the expressway section were selected to determine the soil heavy metal (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) contents and analyze the distribution pattern of the heavy metals on both sides of the expressway section. The main sources and affecting factors of each heavy metal were also examined. The results showed that Cr and Ni were the main heavy metals with the highest accumulative rate in the soil, particularly at Zayun and Maoyang, where the soil Cr content exceeded that of the control by 100% and 83.33%, respectively. Soil heavy metal content showed a decreasing trend with increased distance from the expressway or an increasing and then decreasing trend, with the peak appearing within 0−10 m from the expressway. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the soil Cr, Ni and Zn were at the level of non-pollution or low pollution and thus the overall ecological risk was low. The main source of the soil Cr was traffic emission, while the soil Pb, Cu and Zn were mainly affected by the parent material, with the soil Ni showing mixed sources. All these results suggested that the current ecological risk of soil heavy metal along the expressway section was low, but the soil Cr and Ni were gradually accumulated in the soil near the expressway. It is recommended to strengthen the vegetation restoration and management of the expressway section, to improve the measures for collection and treatment of the expressway runoffs, and to focus on monitoring the dynamics at ecological sensitive sites such as Changhua River, which are crucial for preventing the potential accumulation and migration of soil heavy metals and to ensure the ecological security and high-quality construction of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park.

关键词

热带雨林 / 道路径流 / 土壤重金属 / 分布格局 / 生态风险

Key words

tropical rainforest / road runoffs / soil heavy metals / distribution pattern / ecological risk

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基金资助

海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2025SHFZ037)