海南特有植物烟叶报春苣苔花部特征的地理变异和花色多样性的传粉适应

Geographical variation in floral traits and pollination adaptation of floral color diversity of Primulina heterotricha (Gesneriaceae), an endemic species of Hainan Island, China

摘要

海南岛作为全球生物多样性热点地区之一，其生物多样性集中分布于海南热带雨林国家公园。烟叶报春苣苔（Primulina heterotricha）为海南岛特有植物，分布十分广泛，且具有黄花、紫花 2 种个体。首先，为明确不同地理种群花部特征的分化规律，通过测定不同地理种群的花朵直径、花喉宽度及花筒长等关键性状，分析地理隔离对花部性状分化的潜在驱动作用。其次，围绕 2 种花色分化及传粉机制差异，对比研究黄花和紫花个体的开花动态和访花昆虫及其访花行为，揭示不同花色种群可能存在的传粉机制差异。多元方差分析结果表明，不同地理种群间整体花部特征有显著差异（P<0.05），地理距离和海拔对其影响不显著；不同花色种群花部特征无显著差异（P>0.05）。在不同开花阶段，2 种花色种群的雄蕊长度、雌蕊长度及雌雄异位程度均无显著差异（P>0.05），但随着花期柱头逐渐伸长并超过花药位置。访花昆虫观测显示，黄花种群的主要访花昆虫有黄黑无垫蜂与云南无垫蜂，紫花种群则为黄黑无垫蜂。因此，黄花个体具有更泛化的访花者，紫花个体传粉更加特化。本研究对烟叶报春苣苔不同地理种群花部特征的分化规律、花色多样性的传粉适应进行了研究，为海南热带雨林国家公园生物多样性保护、传粉服务功能评估提供了科学依据。

Abstract

Hainan Island, as one of the global biodiversity hotspots, has its biodiversity concentrated in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest. Primulina heterotricha, an endemic plant of Hainan Island, has a widespread distribution and consists of two floral color morphs: yellow-flowered and purple-flowered individuals. First, to clarify the differentiation pattern of floral traits among different geographical populations, we measured key floral traits including floral diameter, floral mouth width, and corolla tube length across various geographical populations, and analyzed the potential driving effect of geographical isolation on the differentiation of these floral traits. Second, focusing on the differentiation of two floral color morphs and the differences in pollination mechanisms, we comparatively analyzed the flowering dynamics of yellow-flowered and purple-flowered individuals, as well as flower-visiting insects and their visiting behaviors, to reveal the possible differences in pollination mechanisms between populations with different flower colors. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significant differences in floral traits among different geographical populations (P < 0.05), but geographical distance and altitude had no significant effect on floral traits. Populations with different floral colors also did not show significant difference in floral traits ( P > 0.05). Moreover, at different flowering stages, there were no significant differences in stamen length, pistil length and herkogamy degree between the two floral color populations ( P > 0.05), but the stigma gradually elongated and exceeded the position of the anthers as the flowering period progressed. Observations on flower-visiting insects indicated that the main flower-visiting insects of yellow-flowered populations were Amegilla leptocoma and A. yunnanensis, while the main flower-visiting insect of the purple-flowered populations was A. leptocoma. Thus, yellow-flowered individuals have a more generalized assemblage of flower visitors, whereas purple-flowered individuals exhibit a more specialized pollination system. This study investigated the differentiation pattern of floral traits among different geographical populations, floral color diversity and pollination adaptation process of P. heterotricha, and provides a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and pollination service function assessment in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest..

关键词

海南岛 / 花部综合征 / 花冠颜色 / 开花动态 / 传粉系统

Key words

Hainan Island / floral syndrome / floral color / flowering dynamics / pollination system

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(41871041，42301057)