濒危物种的疾病预防实践--以海南长臂猿为例的环境管控方案

Disease prevention in an endangered species: A case study of environmental management for Hainan gibbon

摘要

海南长臂猿（Nomascus hainanus）是中国特有物种，也是世界上最濒危的灵长类动物之一，目前仅分布于海南热带雨林国家公园霸王岭片区，现存 7 个家庭群、42 只个体。由于种群数量极少且遗传多样性较低，该物种应对病原暴露和疾病冲击的能力可能受到限制。疾病暴发一旦发生，可能对种群存续造成严重影响。鉴于疾病预防在极小种群保护中的重要性，文章围绕海南长臂猿潜在疾病风险，梳理病毒性疾病、细菌性疾病、寄生虫病及其他机会性感染等主要风险类型，分析栖息地破碎化、环境污染、气候变化和人类活动对病原传播风险的影响途径。在此基础上，提出人员进入管理、生物安全防护、栖息地环境与病原监测、同域野生动物疫源疫病监测、生境质量提升和生态廊道建设等环境管控措施。海南长臂猿疾病防控应在“全健康（one health）”框架下开展，将野生动物健康、栖息地管理、人员活动管控和社区参与相结合，服务于日常监测、风险预警和应急处置，为极小种群濒危灵长类动物的疾病预防提供科学依据。

Abstract

Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is endemic to China and is one of the world's most endangered primates. The species is now confined to the Bawangling area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, where only seven family groups and 42 individuals remain available. Its extremely small population size and low genetic diversity may reduce its capacity to withstand pathogen exposure, making any disease outbreak a potential threat to population persistence. With an emphasis on prevention, this paper reviews the potential pathogen risks faced by the Hainan gibbon, including viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, as well as other opportunistic infections. It also examines how habitat fragmentation, environmental contamination, climate change and human activities may shape pathogen transmission risks. Based on these considerations, a set of environmental management measures is proposed, including biosecurity management in areas where people may come into contact with gibbons, habitat and pathogen monitoring, disease surveillance in sympatric wildlife, habitat improvement and ecological corridor restoration. Disease risk management for the Hainan gibbon should be developed within a One Health framework that links wildlife health, habitat management and community participation with early warning and response. These recommendations may form disease prevention strategies for other critically endangered primates with extremely small populations.

关键词

海南长臂猿 / 海南热带雨林国家公园 / 疾病预防 / 病原传播 / 环境管控 / 全健康

Key words

Nomascus hainanus / Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park / disease prevention / pathogen transmission / environmental control / One Health

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基金资助

海南国家公园研究院课题(KY-2000102-KT)