陆相页岩油有机质来源与沉积环境分析——以苏北盆地高邮凹陷花庄地区古近系阜宁组二段为例

Organic matter sources and depositional environment analysis of continental shale oil : a case study of Paleogene second member in Funing Formation in the Huazhuang Area, Gaoyou Sag, Subei Basin

摘要

苏北盆地高邮凹陷油气资源丰富，勘探开发潜力较高。以高邮凹陷花庄地区阜宁组二段（阜二段）典型页岩样品为研究对象，采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对生物标志化合物进行分析，采用 X 线衍射（XRD）法对黏土矿物进行定量测试，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）进行微量元素分析，明确有机质来源和沉积环境。结果表明：研究区有机质主要来源于低等水生生物，形成于还原环境。阜二段沉积早期以寒冷干旱的气候为主，降雨量较少；阜二段沉积后期降雨量逐渐增大，过渡到温暖湿润的气候。阜二段沉积早期水体环境为咸水环境，沉积后期水体咸度逐渐降低。潮湿条件下形成的湖泊是油页岩沉积的先决条件，缺氧还原环境与咸水沉积环境是有机质富集的关键因素。该结果对苏北盆地高邮凹陷花庄地区页岩油勘探具有指导意义。

Abstract

The Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin is rich in oil and gas resources, with high potential for exploration and development. This study focuses on typical shale samples from the second member of the Funing Formation (E₁f₂) in the Huazhuang Area of the Gaoyou Sag. Gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry(GC-MS) was used to analyze biomarkers, X-ray diffraction(XRD) was employed for quantitative analysis of clay minerals, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was applied for trace element analysis to determine the organic matter sources and depositional environment. The results indicate that the organic matter in the study area primarily originated from lower aquatic organisms and was deposited in a reducing environment. During the early deposition of E₁f₂, the climate was predominantly cold and arid with low precipitation, transitioning to a warm and humid climate with increasing rainfall in the later stage. The early depositional environment was characterized by saline water, while salinity gradually decreased in the later stage. The formation of lakes under humid conditions was a prerequisite for oil shale deposition, while an anoxic reducing environment and saline depositional conditions were critical for organic matter enrichment. These findings provide valuable guidance for shale oil exploration in the Huazhuang Area of the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin.

关键词

页岩油 / 有机质来源 / 古环境 / 陆相 / 阜宁组二段 / 古近系 / 花庄地区 / 高邮凹陷 / 苏北盆地

Key words

shale oil / organic matter source / paleoenvironment / continental facies / second member of Funing Formation / Paleogene / Huazhuang Area / Gaoyou Sag / Subei Basin

参考文献

[1] 赵喆, 白斌, 刘畅, 等. 中国石油陆上中一高成熟度页岩油勘探现状、进展与未来思考[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(2):327-340.

[2] ZHAO Zhe, BAI Bin, LIU Chang, et al. Current status,advances,and prospects of CNPC's exploration of onshore moderately to highly mature shale oil reservoirs[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(2):327-340.

[3] 邹才能, 马锋, 潘松圻, 等. 全球页岩油形成分布潜力及中国陆相页岩油理论技术进展[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(1):128-142.

[4] ZOU Caineng, MA Feng, PAN Songqi, et al. Formation and distribution potential of global shale oil and the developments of continental shale oil theory and technology in China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(1):128-142

[5] SUN L, LIU H, ZHU R, et al. Ten noteworthy issues on shale oil revolution in China[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2023, 44(12):2007-2019.

[6] ZHAO D. Considerations on application strategies of geophysical techniques for lacustrine shale oil exploration and development[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 2023, 61(6):963-974.

[7] ZHAO Y, ZENG Q, HE T, et al. Controls and geological significance of macerals in hybrid shales:a case study on the Gaoyou Sag, Subei Basin,East China[J]. ACS Omega, 2024, 9(29):32033-32051.

[8] 刘世丽, 段宏亮, 章亚, 等. 苏北盆地阜二段陆相页岩油气勘探潜力分析[J]. 海洋石油, 2014, 34(3):27-33.

[9] LIU Shili, DUAN Hongliang, ZHANG Ya, et al. Analysis of oil and gas exploration potential in Fu 2 Member continental shale of Subei Basin[J]. Offshore Oil, 2014, 34(3):27-33.

[10] 彭金宁, 邱岐, 王东燕, 等. 苏北盆地古近系阜宁组致密油赋存状态与可动用性[J]. 石油实验地质, 2020, 42(1):53-59.

[11] PENG Jinning, QIU Qi, WANG Dongyan, et al. Occurrence and recoverability of tight oil in Paleogene Funing Formation,Subei Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2020, 42(1):53-59.

[12] 马永生, 蔡勋育, 赵培荣, 等. 中国陆相页岩油地质特征与勘探实践[J]. 地质学报, 2022, 96(1):155-171.

[13] MA Yongsheng, CAI Xunyu, ZHAO Peirong, et al. Geological characteristics and exploration practices of continental shale oil in China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2022, 96(1):155-171.

[14] 郑开富, 彭霞玲. 苏北盆地上白垩统一第三系页岩油气成藏层位及有利区带[J]. 地质学刊, 2013, 37(1):147-154.

[15] ZHENG Kaifu, PENG Xialing. Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary shale oil and gas accumulation horizon and favorable zone in Subei Basin[J]. Journal of Geology, 2013, 37(1):147-154.

[16] DAHL J E, MOLDOWAN J M, PETERS K E, et al. Diamondoid hydrocarbons as indicators of natural oil cracking[J]. Nature, 1999, 399(6731):54-57.

[17] WANG G, CHENG B, WANG T G, et al. Monoterpanes as molecular indicators to diagnose depositional environments for source rocks of crude oils and condensates[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2014,72:59-68.

[18] 何毓新. 湖泊古气候、古环境重建与生物标志物[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2020, 39(4):878-880.

[19] HE Yuxin. Lake paleoclimate, paleo-environment reconstruction and biomarkers[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry, 2020, 39(4):878-880.

[20] 张海华, 白银增, 耿树峰, 等. 松辽盆地北部上二叠统林西组烃源岩特征及地质意义[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(4):1-13.

[21] ZHANG Haihua, BAI Yinzeng, GENG Shufeng, et al. Source rock characteristics and geological significance of Upper Permian Linxi Formation in Northern Songliao Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(4):1-13.

[22] 唐天择, 薛明喜, 李昂, 等. 低熟泥页岩芳烃地球化学特征及其成熟度演化:以沙四上段与长 7 段为例[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(3):23-33.

[23] TANG Tianze, XUE Mingxi, LI Ang, et al. Differential geochemical characterization and thermal evolution of aromatic hydrocarbons in low-maturity shales:a case from the upper part of 4 th member of Shahejie Formation and Chang 7 Member[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(3):23-33.

[24] THIRY M. Palaeoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in marine deposits:an outlook from the continental origin[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2000, 49(1/2/3/4):201-221.

[25] 黄冬琴, 高秦, 厉子龙, 等. 晚更新世以来杭州湾沉积物黏土矿物特征及其古环境意义[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 2022, 49(5): 584-597.

[26] HUANG Dongqin, GAO Qin, LI Zilong, et al. Characteristics of clay minerals in sediments of Hangzhou Bay since the Late Pleistocene and their paleoenvironmental significance[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Science Edition), 2022, 49(5):584-597.

[27] HATCH J R, LEVENTHAL J S. Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environment and geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian(Missourian)Stark Shale Member of the Dennis Limestone,Wabaunsee County,Kansas,U.S.A.[J]. Chemical Geology, 1992, 99(1/2/3):65-82.

[28] JONES B, MANNING D A C. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones[J]. Chemical Geology, 1994, 111(1/2/3/4):111-129.

[29] GUO Q, DENG Y, HIPPLER D, et al. REE and trace element patterns from organic-rich rocks of the Ediacaran-Cambrian transitional interval[J]. Gondwana Research, 2016,36:94-106.

[30] 姜海健, 李春堂, 倪春华, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地东北部马家沟组三段古地貌、古环境及控烃作用[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(6): 1-12.

[31] JIANG Haijian, LI Chuntang, NI Chunhua, et al.Paleogeomorphology, paleoenvironment and hydrocarbon control of the third member of Majiagou Formation in Northeastern Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(6):1-12.

[32] 宋春彦, 王剑, 付修根, 等. 羌塘盆地东部上三叠统巴贡组烃源岩特征及意义[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2018, 42(5):104-114.

[33] SONG Chunyan, WANG Jian, FU Xiugen, et al. Geochemical characteristics and the significance of the Upper Triassic hydrocarbon source rocks of the Bagong Formation in the Eastern Qiangtang Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2018, 42(5): 104-114.

[34] 张焱林, 黄赛鹏, 孙梦迪, 等. 鄂西宜昌地区五峰一龙马溪组古环境演化及其对页岩储层的影响[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(5): 1-16.

[35] ZHANG Yanlin, HUANG Saipeng, SUN Mengdi, et al. Palaeoenvironmental evolution of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation and its influence on shale reservoir in Yichang Area,Western Hubei[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(5):1-16.

[36] 段宏亮, 刘世丽, 付茜. 苏北盆地古近系阜宁组二段富有机质页岩特征与沉积环境[J]. 石油实验地质, 2020, 42(4):612-617.

[37] DUAN Hongliang, LIU Shili, FU Qian. Characteristics and sedimentary environment of organic-rich shale in the second member of Paleogene Funing Formation,Subei Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2020, 42(4):612-617.

[38] 段宏亮, 孙雅雄, 杨保良. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系阜宁组二段页岩油富集主控因素[J]. 石油实验地质, 2024, 46(3):441-450.

[39] DUAN Hongliang, SUN Yaxiong, YANG Baoliang. Main controlling factors of shale oil enrichment in second member of Paleogene Funing Formation in Gaoyou Sag of Subei Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2024, 46(3):441-450.

[40] 宫厚健, 姜振学, 朱峰, 等. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷阜宁组二段页岩油赋存状态定量表征及控制因素[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2024, 48(2): 59-71.

[41] GONG Houjian, JIANG Zhenxue, ZHU Feng, et al. Quantitative characterization and control factors of shale oil occurrence state in the shale of member 2 of Funing Formation in the Gaoyou Sag,Subei Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2024, 48 (2):59-71.

[42] 刘天, 刘小平, 刘启东, 等. 陆相页岩游离油定量表征及其影响因素:以苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系阜宁组二段为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2023, 44(4):910-922.

[43] LIU Tian, LIU Xiaoping, LIU Qidong, et al. Quantitative characterization and influencing factors of free oil content in lacustrine shale:a case study of Funing Formation in the Gaoyou Sag,Subei Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(4):910-922.

[44] 吴林, 陈清华. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷基底断裂构造特征及成因演化[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2015, 26(4):689-699.

[45] WU Lin, CHEN Qinghua. Structural characteristics and evolution of basement faults in Gaoyou Sag,Subei Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2015, 26(4):689-699.

[46] 付茜, 刘启东, 刘世丽, 等. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系阜宁组二段页岩油成藏条件分析[J]. 石油实验地质, 2020, 42(4):625-631.

[47] FU Qian, LIU Qidong, LIU Shili, et al. Shale oil accumulation conditions in the second member of Paleogene Funing Formation, Gaoyou Sag,Subei Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2020, 42(4):625-631.

[48] 王旭影, 姜在兴. 苏北盆地古近系阜三段物源特征及其形成的构造背景分析[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2):376-390.

[49] WANG Xuying, JIANG Zaixing. Provenance characteristics and tectonic setting analysis of the 3rd member of the Paleogene Funing Formation,Subei Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2):376-390.

[50] 张金亮, 刘宝矿, 毛凤鸣, 等. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷北斜坡阜宁组成岩作用及储层特征[J]. 石油学报, 2003, 34(2):43-49.

[51] ZHANG Jinliang, LIU Baojun, MAO Fengming, et al. Clastic diagenesis and reservoir characteristics of Funing Formation in north slope of Gaoyou Depression in Subei Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2003, 34(2):43-49.

[52] 孙雅雄, 梁兵, 邱旭明, 等. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷阜二段页岩天然裂缝发育特征及其对页岩油富集和保存的影响[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31 (5):1-17.

[53] SUN Yaxiong, LIANG Bing, QIU Xuming, et al. Characteristics of natural fractures and its influence on shale oil enrichment and preservation in member 2 of Funing Formation in Gaoyou Sag,Subei Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(5):1-17.

[54] 李超, 罗涛, 黄亚浩, 等. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷花页 1 井古近系阜宁组裂缝脉体流体演化及其对页岩油充注过程的指示意义[J]. 石油实验地质, 2024, 46(2):228-237.

[55] LI Chao, LUO Tao, HUANG Yahao, et al. Fluid evolution of fracture veins of Paleogene Funing Formation in well HY1 in Subei Basin and implications for shale oil filling[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2024, 46(2):228-237.

[56] EPSTEIN A G, EPSTEIN J, HARRIS L D. Conodont color alteration:an index to organic metamorphism[M]. Washington: United State Government Printing Office,1977:13-14.

[57] DIDYK B M, SIMONEIT B R T, BRASSELL S C, et al. Organic geochemical indicators of palaeoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation[J]. Nature, 1978, 272(5650):216-222.

[58] 刘刚, 周东升. 微量元素分析在判别沉积环境中的应用:以江汉盆地潜江组为例[J]. 石油实验地质, 2007, 29(3):307-310.

[59] LIU Gang, ZHOU Dongsheng. Application of microelements analysis in identifying sedimentary environment:taking Qianjiang Formation in the Jianghan Basin as an example[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2007, 29(3):307-310.

[60] 陈涛, 王欢, 张祖青, 等. 粘土矿物对古气候指示作用浅析[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 2003, 22(4):416-420.

[61] CHEN Tao, WANG Huan, ZHANG Zuqing, et al. Clay minerals as indicators of paleoclimate[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2003, 22(4):416-420.

[62] 马乾, 孟令箭, 王建伟, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地东北部上古生界不同细粒岩微量元素地球化学特征及地质意义[J/OL]. 矿物岩石, 2024:1-15. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1143.td.20241009.1507.004.html.

[63] MA Qian, MENG Lingjian, WANG Jianwei, et al. Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of trace elements in different fine-grained rocks of Upper Paleozoic in the northeastern Ordos Basin[J/OL]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 2024:1-15. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1143.td.20241009.1507.004.html.

[64] WEI W, ALGEO T J, LU Y, et al. Identifying marine incursions into the Paleogene Bohai Bay Basin lake system in Northeastern China[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2018,200:1-17.

[65] HE T, LU S, LI W, et al. Geochemical characteristics and effectiveness of thick,black shales in southwestern depression,Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2020,185:106607.

[66] SINNINGHED J S, KENIG F, KOOPMANS M P, et al. Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59(9):1895-1900.

[67] 蒋中发, 丁修建. 吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩沉积古环境[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2020, 32(6):109-119.

[68] JIANG Zhongfa, DING Xiujian. Sedimentary paleoenvironment of source rocks of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimsar Sag[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2020, 32(6):109-119.

[69] 梁也, 单玄龙, 何月顺, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘延安组降解油砂地球化学特征及油源分析[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(5):49-60.

[70] LIANG Ye, SHAN Xuanlong, HE Yueshun, et al. Geochemical characteristics and oil source analysis of degraded oil sands of the Yan'an Formation in the Southern Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(5):49-60.

[71] 孙莎莎, 姚艳斌, 吝文. 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘铜川地区油页岩元素地球化学特征及古湖泊水体环境[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2015, 34(3):642-645.

[72] SUN Shasha, YAO Yanbin, LIN Wen. Element geochemical characteristics of oil shale and water environment of ancient lakes and lakes in Tongchuan Area,southern margin of Ordos Basin[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry, 2015, 34(3): 642-645.

[73] SHANMUGAM G. Significance of coniferous rain forests and related organic matter in generating commercial quantities of oil,Gippsland Basin,Australia[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1985, 69(8):1241-1254.

[74] 谢环羽, 姜在兴, 王力, 等. 火山断陷型湖盆细粒沉积岩有机质富集模式:以松辽盆地梨树断陷下白垩统沙河子组二段下亚段为例[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2024, 51(5):1067-1079.

[75] XIE Huanyu, JIANG Zaixing, WANG Li, et al. Organic matter enrichment model of fine-grained rocks in volcanic rift lacustrine basin:a case study of lower submember of second member of Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Lishu Rift Depression of Songliao Basin,NE China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2024, 51(5):1067-1079.

基金资助

重庆市自然科学基金项目(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0869)