下刚果盆地晚渐新世-中新世挤压带盐构造地貌特征及其对重力流沉积的控制作用

Geomorphology characteristics of salt structures and their controlling effects of gravity flow deposits in the contraction belt from Late Oligocene to Miocene in the Lower Congo Basin

摘要

下刚果盆地挤压带盐构造样式复杂，制约深水有利储集砂体的发育分布。根据高精度三维地震、二维格架剖面和钻测井、岩心等资料，分析下刚果盆地晚渐新世-中新世被动陆缘层序格架、盐构造地貌特征及其对重力流沉积物分散体系的控制作用。结果表明：下刚果盆地上渐新统一上新统可划分 5 个三级层序（SS5-1-SS5-5），各三级层序进一步划分为低位体系域-水进体系域和高位体系域；盐底辟构造分为点状供源和线状供源，点状供源的盐底辟构造包括盐株、盐席和盐席篷，平面上呈不规则的圆形或椭圆形，线状供源的盐底辟构造包括盐滚、盐背斜、盐墙和盐墙篷，平面上呈条带状；盐构造发育 4 期演化阶段，即初始流动期、变形期、强烈变形期和稳定变形期；不同区带盐构造样式形成的地貌及其演化对沉积物分散和充填具有控制作用，盐构造导致的＂坝一池＂地貌控制区域性的沉积物通道分布和扇体系发育；渐新世-中新世各层序沉积期，下刚果盆地地貌总体呈东高西低的特点，各级坡折和盐构造主要呈北西-南东向展布，形成切割大陆斜坡的＂纵沟＂与北北西向的盐构造限制的＂横槽＂地貌，制约重力流体系沉积物分散和微盆地沉积充填。该结果对下刚果盆地挤压带浊积砂岩油气勘探具有指导意义。

Abstract

The salt structure style of the compressed structural zone in the Lower Congo Basin is complex, which restricts the development and distribution of deep-water favorable reservoir sand bodies. Based on high precision 3D seismic data, 2D lattice profile, drilling and logging data, core data, the Late Oligocene-Miocene passive continental margin sequence framework, salt structure geomorphology features and their controlling effects on gravity flow dispersal system in the Lower Congo Basin are systematically studied. The results indicate that the Upper Oligocene-Pliocene in the Lower Congo Basin can be divided into five third-order sequences(from SS5-1 to SS5-5), which are further divided into the low system tracks and high system tracks. The salt diapir structure can be divided into point shaped and linear shaped sources. The point shaped sources include salt plants, salt mats and salt canopies, which are irregularly circular or elliptical in plan. The linear shaped sources include salt rolls, salt anticlines and salt walls, which are strip-shaped in plan. The development of salt structures involves four stages of evolution, namely the initial flow stage, deformation stage, strong deformation stage, and stable deformation stage. The landforms and their evolution formed by different salt structure styles in different zones have a controlling effect on the dispersion and filling of sedimentary deposits during the sedimentary period, and the "dam-pool" landform caused by salt structure controls the distribution of regional sediment channels and the development of fan system. During the sedimentary periods of each sequence from the Oligocene to the Miocene, the geomorphology of the Lower Congo Basin is generally high in the east and low in the west. The slope breaks and salt structures are mainly spread in a northwest-southeast direction, forming a "longitudinal trench" that cuts the continental slope and a "transverse trough" that is restricted by the salt structure in a NNW direction, which restricts the sediment dispersal of gravity flow systems and fillings in minibasins. This result has guiding significance for oil and gas exploration of turbidite sandstone in the compressed structural zone in the Lower Congo Basin.

关键词

盐构造地貌 / 重力流沉积 / 沉积物分散 / 控制作用 / 挤压带 / 下刚果盆地

Key words

salt structure geomorphology / gravity flow deposits / sediment dispersal / controlling effect / contraction belt / the Lower Congo Basin

参考文献

[1] 冯国良, 徐志诚, 靳久强, 等. 西非海岸盆地群形成演化及深水油气田发育特征[J]. 海相油气地质, 2012, 17(1):23-28.

[2] FENG Guoliang, XU Zhicheng, JIN Jiuqiang, et al. Basin evolution and development characteristics of deepwater oil and gas fields in coastal basin,West Africa[J]. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2012, 17(1):23-28.

[3] 邬长武. 南大西洋含盐盆地油气富集规律及勘探潜力[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2015, 36(1):121-126.

[4] WU Changwu. Hydrocarbon enrichment characteristics and exploration potentials in salt basins of South Atlantic[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2015, 36(1):121-126.

[5] 李越哲, 殷杰, 赵红岩, 等. 西非塞内加尔盆地北部次盆早白垩世 Albian 期沉积相类型及展布特征[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2021, 45 (2):20-31.

[6] LI Yuezhe, YIN Jie, ZHAO Hongyan, et al. Sedimentary facies and distribution of Early Cretaceous Albian Period in the Northern Sub-basin of Senegal Basin,West Africa[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2021, 45(2):20-31.

[7] 张懿, 郑求根, 胡琴, 等. 陈雯霖南大西洋两岸被动陆缘盆地地质特征及其对勘探的影响[J]. 特种油气藏, 2023, 30(5):1-10.

[8] ZHANG Yi, ZHENG Qiugen, HU Qin, et al. Geologic characteristics of continental margin basin on both sides of the South Atlantic Ocean and its impact on exploration[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2023, 30(5):1-10.

[9] 陈杨, 张道军, 张建新, 等. 莺歌海盆地莺东斜坡黄流组轴向重力流水道沉积特征及控制因素[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2020, 44(2): 91-101.

[10] CHEN Yang,ZHANG Daojun,ZHANG Jianxin,et al. Sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of the axial gravity channel in Huangliu Formation of the Yingdong Slope Area in Yinggehai Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2020, 44(2): 91-101.

[11] 刘德俊, 亓立鹏. 海底砂岩水合物生成机理及储量预测研究进展[J]. 石油化工高等学校学报, 2021, 34(2):76-84.

[12] LIU Dejun, QI Lipeng. Research progress on formation mechanism and reserve prediction of submarine sandstone hydrate[J]. Journal of Petrochemical Universities, 2021, 34(2):76-84.

[13] 杨志力, 李丽, 吴佳男, 等. 西沙海域晚中新世深水水道发育特征及主控因素[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(4):29-38.

[14] YANG Zhili, LI Li, WU Jianan, et al. Development characteristics and controlling factors of Late Miocene deep-water channels in Xisha Area[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(4):29-38.

[15] 蒲宇新, 李伟, 罗顺社, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长 7 油层组深水水道型重力流沉积特征及沉积模式[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(4):70-81.

[16] PU Yuxin, LI Wei, LUO Shunshe, et al. Sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary model of deepwater channel induced gravity flow of Chang 7 oil layer group in Longdong Area of the Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(4):70-81.

[17] 沈向存, 范伟峰, 姜忠正, 等. 地震正演在深水沉积地层研究中的应用[J]. 特种油气藏, 2024, 31(4):36-43.

[18] SHEN Xiangcun, FAN Weifeng, JIANG Zhongzheng, et al. Application of seismic forward modeling in the study of deep-water sedimentary formation[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2024, 31(4):36-43.

[19] WALKER R G. Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans:models for exploration for stratigraphic traps[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 1978, 62(6):932-966.

[20] 王琳霖, 王振奇, 肖鹏. 下刚果盆地 A 区块中新统深水沉积体系特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2015, 36(6):963-974.

[21] WANG Linlin, WANG Zhenqi, XIAO Peng. Characterization of deep water sedimentary system in the Miocene of block A in Lower Congo Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2015, 36(6):963-974.

[22] 程涛, 于水, 陶维祥, 等. 西非被动大陆边缘盆地深水沉积体系特征[J]. 地质科技情报, 2017, 36(5):92-101.

[23] CHENG Tao, YU Shui, TAO Weixiang, et al. Characteristics of deepwater depositional systems in passive continental-margin basin,West Africa[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2017, 36(5):92-101.

[24] 刘新颖. 西非第三系深水扇沉积特征及发育演化规律[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2013, 37(3):24-31.

[25] LIU Xinying. Depositional characteristics and evolution of the Tertiary deep-water fan in West Africa[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2013, 37(3):24-31.

[26] CHEN H, LINC S, ZHANG Z M, et al. Evolution and controlling factors of the gravity flow deposits in the Miocene sequence stratigraphic framework,the Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin,West Africa[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2021, 48(1): 146-158.

[27] ZHANG F Q, LI J, XIONG L P, et al. Turbidite facies identification and analysis using geophysical methods in the salt diapir domain of Lower Congo Basin[J]. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 2021,133: 105264.

[28] 宫越, 郭荣涛, 张忠民, 等. 刚果扇盆地深水沉积体系及控制因素:以渐新统一中新统为例[J/OL]. 沉积学报.https://doi.org/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.113.

[29] GONG Yue, GUO Rongtao, ZHANG Zhongmin, et al. Study on the deep-water sedimentary system and controlling factors in the Congo Fan Basin:a case study from the Oligocene and Miocene[J/OL]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica.https://doi.org/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.113.

[30] 吴高奎, 张忠民, 陈华, 等. 下刚果盆地中新统重力流沉积演化及控制因素[J]. 沉积学报, 2023, 41(1):73-84.

[31] WU Gaokui, ZHANG Zhongmin, CHEN Hua, et al. Sedimentary evolution and controlling factors of Miocene gravity flow deposits in the Lower Congo Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(1):73-84.

[32] 刘新颖, 于水, 陶维祥, 等. 刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道充填结构及演化特征[J]. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 2012, 37(1): 105-112

[33] LIU Xinying, YU Shui, TAO Weixiang, et al. Filling architecture and evolution of Upper Miocene deep-water channel in Congo Fan Basin[J]. Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2012, 37(1):105-112.

[34] 陈华, 林畅松, 张忠民, 等. 西非下刚果一刚果扇盆地 A 区块中新统深水水道体系沉积特征及演化[J]. 石油实验地质, 2021, 43(3): 476-486.

[35] CHEN Hua, LIN Changsong, ZHANG Zhongmin, et al. Depositional characteristics and evolution of Miocene deep-water channel systems in block A of Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin,West Africa[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2021, 43(3):476-486.

[36] ANKA Z, SERANNE M, LOPEZ M, et al. The long-term evolution of the Congo deep-sea fan:a basin-wide view of the interaction between a giant submarine fan and a mature passive margin(Zai Ango Project)[J]. Tectonophysics, 2009,470:42-56.

[37] OLUBOYO A P, GAWTHORPE R L, BAKKE K, et al. Salt tectonic controls on deep-water turbidite depositional systems:Miocene,Southwestern Lower Congo Basin,offshore Angola[J]. Basin Research, 2014, 26(4):597-620.

[38] LIANG C, DING W L, LIU Y M, et al. The Late Cretaceous-Miocene supr-salt structures in block M,Lower Congo Basin(Congo, West Africa)and the controls on channel development[J]. Geological Journal, 2022, 57(10):1-16.

[39] 杨晓娟, 李军, 于炳松. 下刚果盆地构造特征及油气勘探潜力[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2012, 27(6):2585-2593.

[40] YANG Xiaojuan, LI Jun, YU Bingsong. Structural feature and exploratory potential of the Lower Congo Basin[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2012, 27(6):2585-2593.

[41] 余烨, 蔡灵慧, 尹太举, 等. 下刚果盆地早白垩世 Pointe Indienne 组湖相浊积岩特征及石油地质意义[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2020, 32(6): 12-21.

[42] YU Ye, CAI Linghui, YIN Taiju, et al. Characteristics and hydrocarbon significance of lacustrine turbidite of Early Cretaceous Pointe Indienne Formation in Lower Congo Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2020, 32(6):12-21.

[43] 刘静静, 邬长武, 郭荣涛, 等. 盐构造活动对油气成藏的控制作用:以下刚果盆地为例[J]. 地质科学, 2024, 59(2):365-374.

[44] LIU Jingjing, WU Changwu, GUO Rongtao, et al. Salt tectonic activity on hydrocarbon accumulation:a case of the Lower Congo Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 2024, 59(2):365-374.

[45] ZHANG W B, DUAN T Z, LIU Z Q, et al. Architecture mode,sedimentary evolution and controlling factors of deepwater turbidity channels:a case study of the M Oilfield in West Africa[J]. Petroleum Science, 2017, 14(3):493-506.

[46] 刘亚雷, 刘迎斌, 李雷, 等. 西非下刚果盆地、加蓬盆地裂陷期构造特征对比研究[J]. 世界地质, 2019, 38(2):389-396.

[47] LIU Yalei, LIU Yingbin, LI Lei, et al. Comparison of structural characters in rifting stage between Lower Congo Basin and Gabon Basin in West Africa[J]. Global Geology, 2019, 38(2):389-396.

[48] LI Q, WU W, LIANG J, et al. Deep-water channels in the Lower Congo Basin:evolution of the geomorphology and depositional environment during the Miocene(Article)[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2020,115:104260.

[49] 洛怡, 李江海, 杨梦莲. 南大西洋西非岸盆地群构造、沉积演化对比[J]. 中国地质, 2021, 48(1):120-128.

[50] LUO Yi, LI Jianghai, YANG Menglian. Acomparative study of tectonic and sedimentary evolution of West African coastal basins in the South Atlantic Ocean region[J]. Geology in China, 2021, 48(1):120-128.

[51] GAY A, LOPEZ M, COCHONAT P, et al. Isolated seafloor pockmarks linked to BSRs,fluid chimneys,polygonal faults and stacked Oilgocene-Miocene turbiditic palaeochannels in the Lower Congo Basin[J]. Marine Geology, 2006, 226(1/2):25-40.

[52] 袁圣强, 吴时国, 马玉波, 等. 南大西洋深水盆地的构造沉积演化及含油气系统[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2008, 19(2):216-221.

[53] YUAN Shengqiang, WU Shiguo, MA Yubo, et al. Tectono-sedimentary evolution and petroleum systems of the deepwater basin along South Atlantic Ocean Margin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2008, 19(2):216-221.

[54] 孙自明, 何治亮. 裂谷与被动陆缘叠合盆地的盐构造与油气成藏:以西非下刚果一刚果扇盆地和宽扎盆地为例[J]. 石油实验地质, 2016, 38(3):287-292.

[55] SUN Ziming, HE Zhiliang. Salt tectonics and its relationship to hydrocarbon accumulation in salt basins with a lower rifted section and an upper continental marginal section:a case study of the Lower Congo-Congo Fan basins and the Kwanza Basin in West Africa[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2016, 38(3):287-292.

[56] 康洪全, 贾怀存, 程涛, 等. 南大西洋两岸含盐盆地裂谷层序油气地质特征与油气分布特征对比[J]. 地质科技情报, 2018, 37(4): 113-119.

[57] KANG Hongquan, JIA Huaicun, CHENG Tao, et al. Comparison of petroleum geology and hydrocarbon accumulation of rift sequence in the salt basins on both sides of South Atlantic Ocean[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2018, 37(4):113-119.

[58] 杨晓兰. 南大西洋中段两岸盆地盐下油气成藏特征对比[J]. 海洋石油, 2019, 39(3):1-8.

[59] YANG Xiaolan. Comparison of subsalt hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics in basins on both sides of the Mid-South Atlantic[J]. Offshore Oil, 2019, 39(3):1-8.

[60] VAIL P R, MITCHUM R M J, TODD R G, et al. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level[M]//PAYTON C E.Seismic stratigraphy-applications to hydrocarbon exploration.[S.1]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir,1977: 49-212.

[61] JACKSON M P A, TALBOT C J A. Glossary of salt tectonics[J]. Geological Circular-Bureau of Economic Geology,University of Texas at Austin, 1992(91/92/93/94):44.

[62] SCHULTZ-ELA D D. Origin of drag folds bordering salt diapirs[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 2003, 87(5):757-780.

[63] HUDEC M R, JACKSON M. Terra infirma:understanding salt tectonics[J]. Earth Science Reviews, 2007, 82(1/2):1-28.

[64] 刘璎, 郑绵平, 张震, 等. 滇西南思茅盆地盐构造研究及找钾初探[J]. 地质论评, 2017, 63(3):568-580.

[65] LIU Ying, ZHENG Mianping, ZHANG Zhen, et al. Salt tectonic and prospecting potassium research in Simao Basin[J]. Geological Review, 2017, 63(3):568-580.

[66] 史帅雨, 余一欣, 殷进垠, 等. 下刚果盆地盐构造变形特征及其形成机理[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(5):1092-1099.

[67] SHI Shuaiyu, YU Yixin, YIN Jinyin, et al. Deformation characteristics and formation mechanisms of salt structures in the Lower Congo Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(5):1092-1099.

[68] DUVAL B, CRAMEZ C, JACKSON M P A. Raft tectonics in the Kwanza Basin,Angola[J]. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 1992, 9(4):389-404.

[69] QUIRK D G, SCHODT N, LASSEN B, et al. Salt tectonics on passive margins:examples from Santos,Campos and Kwanza Basins[J]. Geological Society London Special Publications, 2012, 363(1):207-244.

[70] 王殿举, 李江海, 程鹏, 等. 构造倾斜角度对盐构造形成的控制模式:以下刚果盆地为例[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 55 (2):277-288.

[71] WANG Dianju, LI Jianghai, CHENG Peng, et al. Salt structure formation modeling controlled by structure inclination angle:take the Lower Congo Basin as an example[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2019, 55(2):277-288.

[72] 李一赫, 王殿举, 于法浩, 等. 下刚果盆地白垩系盐构造的形成演化[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2020, 50(6):1628-1638.

[73] LI Yihe, WANG Dianju, YU Fahao, et al. Formation and evolution of Cretaceous salt structures in Lower Congo Basin[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 2020, 50(6):1628-1638.

[74] 程鹏, 李江海, 刘志强. 下刚果盆地中段挤压带盐底辟构造形成演化分析:基于物理及离散元模拟[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 57(3):470-480.

[75] CHENG Peng, LI Jianghai, LIU Zhiqiang. Analysis of formation and evolution of salt diapir in the contractional domain of Central Lower Congo Basin based on analogue and discrete element modeling[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2021, 57(3):470-480.

[76] ALLEN J, BEAUMONT C. Impact of inconsistent density scaling on physical analogue models of continental margin scale salt tectonics[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2012,117:B8102.

[77] GOTETI R, BEAUMONT C, STEVEN J, et al. Factors controlling early stage salt tectonics at rifted continental margins and their thermal consequences[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 2013, 118(6):3190-3220.

[78] WARSITZKA M, KLEY J, KUKOWSKI N. Salt diapirism driven by differential loading:some insights from analogue modelling[J]. Tectonophysics, 2013, 591(3):83-97.

[79] 王迎, 李江海, 章雨, 等. 南大西洋中段被动陆缘盆地下白垩统盐构造成因模式[J]. 地质学报, 2022, 96(4):1182-1196.

[80] WANG Ying, LI Jianghai, ZHANG Yu, et al. Genetic model of Lower Cretaceous salt tectonics in passive continental margin basin of Middle South Atlantic[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2022, 96(4):1182-1196.

基金资助

国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05033)

中国石化科技部项目(P21043-4)