巴中地区凉高山组湖相页岩储层孔隙特征及控制因素

Pore characteristics and controlling factors of lacustrine shale reservoirs in the Lianggaoshan Formation, Bazhong Area

摘要

四川盆地巴中地区凉高山组是页岩油气勘探的重点区域。以凉高山组湖相页岩储层为研究对象，基于岩心、薄片观察和 XRD 矿物等测试资料，建立研究区页岩岩相分类体系；采用扫描电镜、低温氮气吸附实验等测试方法，研究储层孔隙类型和孔径分布，探讨储层孔隙特征及控制因素。结果表明：研究区湖相页岩共识别中高碳纹层状粉砂质页岩岩相、低碳中厚层状混合质泥岩岩相和含碳中厚层状粉砂质页岩岩相 3 种类型，中高碳纹层状粉砂质页岩岩相物性最好，含碳中厚层状粉砂质页岩岩相物性最差；孔隙类型主要为黏土矿物片间孔、长石颗粒溶孔、有机质孔和少量微裂缝，孔径以介孔为主，大孔最少，微孔介于二者之间。研究区页岩储层物性受多种因素耦合控制，其中岩相和沉积环境决定原生孔隙的发育质量，发育纹层构造和具有高黏土矿物含量岩相的储层物性最好；有机质类型和热演化程度决定有机质孔的发育程度，热演化程度高有助于次生有机质孔形成；早成岩时期压实作用和胶结作用破坏孔隙结构，中成岩时期有机酸溶蚀和黏土矿物转化为储集空间改善提供关键条件。该结果为四川盆地湖相页岩勘探开发提供指导。

Abstract

The Lianggaoshan Formation in the Bazhong Area of the Sichuan Basin is a key target for shale oil and gas exploration. Focusing on the lacustrine shale reservoir of the Lianggaoshan Formation, a classification system for shale lithofacies in the study area was established based on core analysis, thinsection observations, and XRD mineral data. Methods such as scanning electron microscopy and lowtemperature N₂ adsorption experiments were employed to investigate pore types and size distribution, as well as to discuss pore characteristics and controlling factors. The results indicate that three lithofacies types were identified in the lacustrine shale of the study area: medium-high carbon laminated silty shale, low-carbon medium-thick layered mixed mudstone, and carbon-bearing medium-thick layered silty shale. The medium-high carbon laminated silty shale lithofacies exhibits the best physical properties, while the carbon-bearing medium-thick layered silty shale lithofacies shows the poorest. The main pore types include inter-clay mineral pores, dissolved feldspar grain pores, organic pores, and a small number of micro-fractures. Pore sizes are predominantly mesoporous, with macropores being the least abundant and micropores falling between the two. The physical properties of the shale reservoir in the study area are controlled by the coupling of multiple factors. Lithofacies and sedimentary environment determine the quality of primary pore development, with reservoirs featuring laminated structures and high clay mineral content exhibiting the best physical properties. Organic matter type and thermal maturity determine the development of organic pores, where high thermal maturity facilitates the formation of secondary organic pores. Compaction and cementation during early diagenesis damage the pore structure, while organic acid dissolution and clay mineral transformation during middle diagenesis provide key conditions for reservoir space improvement. These findings offer guidance for the exploration and development of lacustrine shale in the Sichuan Basin.

关键词

四川盆地 / 巴中地区 / 凉高山组 / 页岩 / 岩相划分 / 储层物性 / 控制因素

Key words

Sichuan Basin / Bazhong Area / Lianggaoshan Formation / shale / lithofacies classification / reservoir physical properties / reservoir controlling factors

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基金资助

国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1400205)