基于水槽沉积模拟实验的分流河道型浅水三角洲沉积演化机制及沉积模式

Sedimentary evolution mechanisms and depositional model of a distributary-channel-dominated shallow-water delta based on flume simulation experiments

摘要

浅水三角洲的分流河道是调控沉积物输运与砂体展布的核心要素。结合高精度三维激光扫描与点云定量分析,采用稳定边界条件下的水槽沉积模拟实验,探讨分流河道型浅水三角洲的沉积演化过程、构型单元及沉积模式。结果表明:三角洲沉积演化总体可归纳为两个阶段,即平原分流河道河网构建阶段与前缘河口坝-决口扇协同演化阶段,前者以分流河道快速分汊扩展并构建河网体系为特征,后者表现为河口坝持续前积叠覆与平原区间歇性决口沉积的耦合作用。分流河道、河口坝与决口扇构成基本沉积构型单元,共同控制砂体的形成与叠覆方式,形成“近端厚积-中端连片-远端广覆”的空间分布。以分流河道为骨架,平原区决口扇侧向补给、前缘河口坝前积增生为特征的分流河道型浅水三角洲沉积模式,反映沉积体系由河道主导的纵向推进与侧向分散协同作用控制下的三维构型结构。该结果可为坳陷湖盆同类储层砂体预测与构型表征提供参考。

Abstract

Distributary channels in shallow-water deltas are the key elements controlling sediment transport and sand body distribution. Based on flume experiments conducted under stable boundary conditions, combined with high-resolution three-dimensional laser scanning and quantitative point-cloud analysis, this study investigates the sedimentary evolution processes, architectural elements, and depositional model of a distributary channel-dominated shallow-water delta. The results indicate that the deltaic evolution can be divided into two stages: the construction stage of the distributary channel network on the delta plain, and the coupled evolution stage of mouth bars and crevasse splays in the delta front. The former is characterized by rapid bifurcation and expansion of distributary channels, forming an integrated channel network, whereas the latter is marked by the continuous progradation and stacking of mouth bars, coupled with intermittent crevasse splay deposition on the delta plain. Distributary channels, mouth bars, and crevasse splays constitute the fundamental depositional architectural elements, jointly controlling sand body formation and stacking patterns, and resulting in a spatial distribution characterized by “thick accumulation in proximal zones, laterally connected sand bodies in medial zones, and widespread sheet-like deposits in distal zones”. A depositional model of a distributary channel-dominated shallow-water delta is established, characterized by distributary channels as the framework, lateral sediment supply from crevasse splays in the delta plain, and progradational growth of mouth bars in the delta front. This model reflects a three-dimensional architectural framework controlled by the coupled effects of channel-dominated longitudinal progradation and lateral sediment dispersal. These results provide a useful reference for sand body prediction and reservoir architectural characterization in analogous depression lacustrine basins.

关键词

分流河道 / 浅水三角洲 / 沉积演化 / 构型单元 / 沉积模式 / 水槽实验

Key words

distributary channels / shallow-water delta / sedimentary evolution / architectural elements / depositional model / flume experiments

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(42130813)