陆相页岩油储层水力压裂缝发育特征及主控因素——以鄂尔多斯盆地长7段为例

Development characteristics and main controlling factors of hydraulic fractures in continental shale oil reservoirs: a case study of Chang 7 Member, Ordos Basin

摘要

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组7段(长7段)页岩储层资源潜力巨大。以庆城油田试验区为研究对象,钻探两口水平井实施水力压裂,对压裂区附近增钻的水平井进行系统取心,采用测井、成像测井及CT扫描等方法,研究页岩油储层水力压裂缝发育特征及主控因素。结果表明:庆城油田压裂缝以张性为主,砂岩段压裂缝缝面平整,延伸稳定,成像测井呈规则弧形暗线;砂泥岩互层段压裂缝垂向扩展受层理制约,以阶梯状或弯曲形态为主,伴生羽状构造;砂岩段压裂缝的倾角高于砂泥岩互层段的。试验区发育的压裂缝与层理缝交互形成三类耦合模式,分别为压裂缝与层理缝相交耦合缝、板状压裂缝激活贯穿层理耦合缝、多条平行伴生压裂缝贯穿层理耦合缝。水力压裂能够穿透厚度小于2m的泥质夹层,开启层理缝而形成复杂缝网,厚度大于10m的泥岩隔层常阻隔压裂缝扩展。高角度剪切裂缝方向与水平最大主应力方向平行,对水力压裂缝扩展具有促进作用;试验区水力压裂缝主要发育于细砂岩,扩展受控于泥岩隔层,整体方向呈北东东向。当岩性为砂泥岩互层时,压裂缝方向由近南北向转为南南西向,指示岩性干扰压裂缝扩展方向并导致方向发生偏转。该结果为鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油储层水力压裂提供依据。

Abstract

The shale reservoirs of the 7th member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin possess substantial resource potential, and hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources. Taking the experimental area of the Qingcheng Oilfield as the study site, two horizontal wells were drilled and hydraulically fractured. Systematic coring was conducted in an additional horizontal well drilled adjacent to the fractured interval. Integrated analyses, including conventional well logging, borehole image logging, and CT scanning, were employed to investigate the development characteristics and controlling factors of hydraulic fractures in the shale oil reservoir. The results indicate that hydraulic fractures in the Qingcheng Oilfield are predominantly tensile in nature. In sandstone intervals, fracture surfaces are relatively smooth and extend stably, appearing as regular arcuate dark traces on borehole image logs. In sandstone-mudstone interbedded intervals, vertical fracture propagation is constrained by bedding planes, resulting in stepwise or curved morphologies commonly accompanied by feather-like structures. The dip angles of hydraulic fractures in sandstone intervals are generally higher than those in sandstone-mudstone interbeds. Three coupling patterns between hydraulic fractures and bedding-plane fractures are identified in the study area: intersection-induced coupling fractures between hydraulic fractures and bedding-plane fractures; planar hydraulic fractures that reactivate and penetrate bedding-plane fractures; and multiple subparallel associated hydraulic fractures penetrating bedding planes. Hydraulic fracturing is capable of penetrating argillaceous interlayers thinner than 2 m, which can active bedding-plane fractures to form complex fracture networks. In contrast, mudstone barriers thicker than 10 m commonly impede fracture propagation. High-angle shear fractures trend parallel to the direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress and promote the propagation of hydraulic fractures. In the experimental area, hydraulic fractures are mainly developed within fine sandstones and are vertically constrained by mudstone interlayers, with an overall ENE (east-northeast) strike. In sandstone-mudstone interbedded intervals, however, the fracture orientation shifts from nearly N-S to SSW, indicating that lithological heterogeneity interferes with fracture propagation and causes deflection of fracture strike. These findings provide a theoretical basis for hydraulic fracturing design and shale oil development in the Ordos Basin.

关键词

页岩储层 / 水力压裂缝 / 体积压裂 / 主控因素 / 庆城油田 / 长7段 / 鄂尔多斯盆地

Key words

shale reservoir / hydraulic fractures / volume fracturing / controlling factors / Qingcheng Oilfield / Chang 7 Member / Ordos Basin

参考文献

[1] 杨华, 李士祥, 刘显阳 . 鄂尔多斯盆地致密油、页岩油特征及资源潜力[J]. 石油学报, 2013, 34(1): 1-11.

[2] Yang Hua, Li Shixiang, Liu Xianyang . Characteristics and resource prospects of tight oil and shale oil in Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2013, 34(1): 1-11.

[3] 徐荣利, 齐银, 薛小佳, 等 . 庆城页岩油藏结构化驱油压裂技术研究与应用[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2025, 53(2): 126-132.

[4] Xu Rongli, Qi Yin, Xue Xiaojia, et al. Research and application of structured flooding fracturing technology in the Qingcheng shale reservoir[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2025, 53(2): 126-132.

[5] 柴妮娜, 李嘉瑞, 张力文, 等 . 夹层型陆相页岩油储层压裂裂缝扩展实验研究[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2025, 15(1): 124-130.

[6] Chai Nina, Li Jiarui, Zhang Liwen, et al. Experimental study on hydraulic fracture propagation in interbedded continental shale oil reservoirs[J]. Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2025, 15(1): 124-130.

[7] 刘合, 黄有泉, 蔡萌, 等 . 松辽盆地古龙页岩油储集层压裂改造工艺实践与发展建议[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2023, 50(3): 603-612.

[8] Liu He, Huang Youquan, Cai Meng, et al. Practice and development suggestions of hydraulic fracturing technology in the Gulong shale oil reservoirs of Songliao Basin, NE China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2023, 50(3): 603-612.

[9] 曾凡辉, 郭建春, 徐严波, 等 . 压裂水平井产能影响因素[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2007, 34(4): 474-477.

[10] Zeng Fanhui, Guo Jianchun, Xu Yanbo, et al. Factors affecting production capacity of fractured horizontal wells[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2007, 34(4): 474-477.

[11] 史晓东 . 致密油藏体积压裂缝网形成及控制方法研究[D]. 大庆: 东北石油大学, 2017: 1-107.

[12] Shi Xiaodong . Study on fracture network formation and its control method of volume fracturing in tight oil reservoir[D]. Daqing: Northeast Petroleum University, 2017: 1-107.

[13] 何右安, 曹东升, 郭雯, 等 . 板内走滑断裂发育特征及其对页岩油的控制作用:以鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田长7段为例[J]. 地质科学, 2025, 60(1): 19-32.

[14] He Youan, Cao Dongsheng, Guo Wen, et al. Development characteristics of intraplate strike-slip faults and their control on shale oil: a case study of the Chang 7 Member in the Qingcheng Oilfield, Ordos Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 2025, 60(1): 19-32.

[15] Potluri N, Zhu D, Hill A D . Effect of natural fractures on hydraulic fracture propagation[C]// SPE European Formation Damage Conference. Sheveningen, Netherlands: SPE, 2005: 1-6.

[16] Peterson R E, Warpinski N R, Lorenz J C, et al. Assessment of the mounds drill cuttings injection disposal domain[C]// SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. New Orleans, Louisiana: SPE, 2001: 1-6.

[17] Fast R E, Murer A S, Timmer R S . Description and analysis of cored hydraulic fractures-lost hills field, Kern County, California[J]. SPE Production & Facilities, 1994, 9(2): 107-114.

[18] Warpinski N R, Lorenz J C, Branagan P T, et al. Examination of a cored hydraulic fracture in a deep gas well[J]. SPE Production & Facilities, 1993, 8(3): 150-164.

[19] Hopkins C W, Rosen R L, Hill D G . Characterization of an induced hydraulic fracture completion in a naturally fractured Antrim shale reservoir[C]// SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: SPE, 1998: 51068.

[20] 杨洋, 王用鑫, 李虎, 等 . 基于深度学习的井间地震CT初至自动拾取方法[J]. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 2022, 30(1): 183-195.

[21] Yang Yang, Wang Yongxin, Li Hu, et al. Automatic picking method for first arrival of cross-well seismic CT based on deep learning[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2022, 30(1): 183-195.

[22] 张全胜, 李明, 张子麟, 等 . 胜利油田致密油储层体积压裂技术及应用[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2019, 24(2): 233-240.

[23] Zhang Quansheng, Li Ming, Zhang Zilin, et al. Application of volume fracturing technology in tight oil reservoirs of Shengli Oilfield[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2019, 24(2): 233-240.

[24] 吴兆亮 . 大庆古龙页岩油密切割体积压裂工艺参数优化探索[J]. 油气井测试, 2023, 32(6): 34-40.

[25] Wu Zhaoliang . Exploration of optimization of volume fracturing process parameters for intensive cutting of Daqing Gulong shale oil[J]. Well Testing, 2023, 32(6): 34-40.

[26] 冷静, 国博, 马胜军 . 吉林油田致密油水平井甜点+密切割压裂研究与应用[J]. 化工管理, 2020, 21(7): 215-216.

[27] Leng Jing, Guo Bo, Ma Shengjun . Research and application of optimal sweet spot selection and close-cut fracturing for horizontal tight oil wells in Jilin Oilfield[J]. Chemical Enterprise Management, 2020, 21(7): 215-216.

[28] 王云金, 周福建, 孟祥燕, 等 . 吉木萨尔凹陷页岩油压裂产量预测及影响因素分析[J]. 断块油气田, 2025, 32(6): 908-916.

[29] Wang Yunjin, Zhou Fujian, Meng Xiangyan, et al. Analysis of production prediction and influencing factors for shale oil fracturing in Jimsar Sag[J]. Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field, 2025, 32(6): 908-916.

[30] 王博, 周麟泰, 鲍静, 等 . 吉木萨尔页岩油压裂施工曲线智能预测方法[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2025, 53(5): 20-30.

[31] Wang Bo, Zhou Lintai, Bao Jing, et al. Intelligent prediction method of fracturing treatment curves for Jimsar shale oil[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2025, 53(5): 20-30.

[32] 王云金, 周福建, 苏航, 等 . 吉木萨尔凹陷页岩油储层压裂参数智能优化方法[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2025, 52(3): 734-743.

[33] Wang Yunjin, Zhou Fujian, Su Hang, et al. Intelligent optimization method of fracturing parameters for shale oil reservoirs in Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2025, 52(3): 734-743.

[34] 林鹤, 杜金玲, 徐刚, 等 . 随机森林算法在水力压裂套管变形预测中的应用[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(3): 185-193.

[35] Lin He, Du Jinling, Xu Gang, et al. The application of random forest algorithm in predicting the casing deformation of hydraulic fracturing[J]. Lithological Reservoirs, 2025, 37(3): 185-193.

[36] 李嘉成, 邹家伟, 田刚, 等 . 基于地质工程一体化压裂模型的页岩油压裂方案优化:以吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为例[J]. 断块油气田, 2025, 32(1): 35-46.

[37] Li Jiacheng, Zou Jiawei, Tian Gang, et al. Shale oil fracturing scheme optimization based on geology-engineering integrated fracturing model: taking Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag as an example[J]. Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field, 2025, 32(1): 35-46.

[38] 许江文, 王明星, 王俊超, 等 . 吉木萨尔页岩油水平井体积压裂技术实践与认识[J]. 新疆石油天然气, 2024, 20(3): 23-29.

[39] Xu Jiangwen, Wang Mingxing, Wang Junchao, et al. Practice and understanding of volume fracturing technology for horizontal wells in Jimsar shale oil reservoir[J]. Xinjiang Oil & Gas, 2024, 20(3): 23-29.

[40] 覃建华, 王建国, 李思远, 等 . 玛湖凹陷三叠系百口泉组致密砾岩储层水力裂缝特征及形成机制[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2023, 35(4): 29-36.

[41] Qin Jianhua, Wang Jianguo, Li Siyuan, et al. Characteristics and formation mechanism of hydraulic fractures in tight conglomerate reservoirs of Triassic Baikouquan Formation in Mahu Sag[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2023, 35(4): 29-36.

[42] 夏勇, 惠潇, 赵俊峰, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地西南庆城地区延长组前积斜坡生长及其控砂规律[J]. 沉积学报, 2025, 43(1): 273-287.

[43] Xia Yong, Hui Xiao, Zhao Junfeng, et al. Clinoform growth and its controls on the distribution of sandstone in the Yanchang Formation, Qingcheng Area, Southwestern Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2025, 43(1): 273-287.

[44] 卢皓, 张皎生, 李超, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地西南部三叠系延长组7段页岩层系层理缝发育特征与主控因素[J]. 石油实验地质, 2024, 46(4): 698-709.

[45] Lu Hao, Zhang Jiaosheng, Li Chao, et al. Development characteristics and main controlling factors of bedding-parallel lamellated fractures in shale in 7th member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Southwestern Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2024, 46(4): 698-709.

[46] 蒲宇新, 李伟, 罗顺社, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7油层组深水水道型重力流沉积特征及沉积模式[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2023, 47(4): 70-81.

[47] Pu Yuxin, Li Wei, Luo Shunshe, et al. Sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary model of deep water channel-induced gravity flow of Chang 7 oil layer group in Longdong Area of the Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2023, 47(4): 70-81.

[48] 付林圃, 王喜鑫, 麻书玮, 等 . 合水南地区长7段夹层型页岩油储层孔隙结构特征及主控因素[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2025, 49(1): 77-90.

[49] Fu Linpu, Wang Xixin, Ma Shuwei, et al. Pore structure characteristics and main controlling factors of interbedded shale oil reservoirs of Chang 7 Member in South Heshui Area[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2025, 49(1): 77-90.

[50] 时建超, 屈雪峰, 雷启鸿, 等 . 陆相湖盆深水重力流沉积特征、砂体结构研究及油气勘探意义:以鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统长7油层组为例[J]. 地质与勘探, 2018, 54(1): 183-192.

[51] Shi Jianchao, Qu Xuefeng, Lei Qihong, et al. Sedimentary characteristics and sand architecture of gravity flows in terrestrial lacustrine basins: a case study of Chang 7 Formation of the Upper Triassic in Ordos Basin[J]. Geology and Exploration, 2018, 54(1): 183-192.

[52] 杨华 . 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组沉积体系及含油性研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2004: 1-132.

[53] Yang Hua . Sedimentary system and oil content of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2004: 1-132.

[54] 李彦录, 陆诗磊, 夏东领, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7油组页岩层系天然裂缝发育特征及主控因素[J]. 地质科学, 2022, 57(1): 73-87.

[55] Li Yanlu, Lu Shilei, Xia Dongling, et al. Development characteristics and main controlling factors of natural fractures in shale series of the seventh member of the Yanchang Formation, Southern Ordos Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 2022, 57(1): 73-87.

[56] 刘艳祥, 吕文雅, 曾联波, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田长7页岩油储层多尺度裂缝三维地质建模[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(5): 103-116.

[57] Liu Yanxiang, Lyu Wenya, Zeng Lianbo, et al. Three-dimensional modeling of multiscale fractures in Chang 7 shale oil reservoir in Qingcheng Oilfield, Ordos Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(5): 103-116.

[58] 刘明成, 吴胜和, 万晓龙, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田延长组页岩层系层序地层与沉积相特征[J]. 古地理学报, 2024, 26(4): 779-795.

[59] Liu Mingcheng, Wu Shenghe, Wan Xiaolong, et al. Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies characteristics of the shale strata of Yanchang Formation in Qingcheng Oilfield, Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Paleogeography, 2024, 26(4): 779-795.

[60] 石桓山, 胡望水, 李涛, 等 . 致密砂岩储层孔隙结构特征对可动流体赋存的影响:以鄂尔多斯盆地庆城地区长7段为例[J]. 地质科技通报, 2024, 43(2): 62-74.

[61] Shi Huanshan, Hu Wangshui, Li Tao, et al. Pore throat structure characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs and their influence on movable fluid occurrence: taking the Chang-7 Member of Qingcheng Area of Ordos Basin as an example[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2024, 43(2): 62-74.

[62] 王恩泽, 吴忠宝, 宋彦辰, 等 . 鄂尔多斯盆地庆城地区长7段致密砂岩成岩演化与孔隙结构特征[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 58(2): 249-260.

[63] Wang Enze, Wu Zhongbao, Song Yanchen, et al. Pore structure and diagenetic evolution features of member-7 of Yanchang Formation in Qingcheng Area, Ordos Basin, NW China[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2022, 58(2): 249-260.

[64] 董少群, 孙福文, 何娟, 等 . 伊拉克A油田Asmari组碳酸盐岩储层天然裂缝发育特征与主控因素[J]. 西安石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 37(3): 34-43.

[65] Dong Shaoqun, Sun Fuwen, He Juan, et al. Development characteristics and main controlling factors of fractures in carbonate reservoirs of Asmari Formation of A Oilfield, Iraq[J]. Journal of Xi'an Petroleum University (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 37(3): 34-43.

[66] 曾联波 . 裂缝在吉林两井低渗透砂岩油田开发中的作用[J]. 西安石油学院学报(自然科学版), 2003, 18(2): 18-21.

[67] Zeng Lianbo . Effect of fractures on the development of liangjing low-permeability sandstone oilfield[J]. Journal of Xi'an Petroleum University (Natural Science Edition), 2003, 18(2): 18-21.

[68] 曾联波, 郑聪斌 . 陕甘宁盆地靖安地区区域裂缝及对开发的影响[J]. 西安石油学院学报(自然科学版), 1999, 14(1): 22-24.

[69] Zeng Lianbo, Zheng Congbin . Distribution of regional fractures in Jing'an Area, Shaanganning Basin[J]. Journal of Xi'an Petroleum Institute (Natural Science Edition), 1999, 14(1): 22-24.

[70] 曾联波, 吕鹏, 屈雪峰, 等 . 致密低渗透储层多尺度裂缝及其形成地质条件[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(3): 449-454.

[71] Zeng Lianbo, Lyu Peng, Qu Xuefeng, et al. Multi-scale fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs with low permeability and geological conditions of their development[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(3): 449-454.

[72] 尹晓曦 . 庆城油田长7页岩油储层多尺度裂缝发育特征及控储作用[D]. 大庆: 东北石油大学, 2024: 1-60.

[73] Yin Xiaoxi . Characteristics of multi-scale fracture development and reservoir control in Chang 7 shale oil reservoir of Qingcheng Oilfield[D]. Daqing: Northeast Petroleum University, 2024: 1-60.

[74] 董少群, 曾联波, 车小花, 等 . 人工智能在致密储层裂缝测井识别中的应用[J]. 地球科学, 2023, 48(7): 2443-2461.

[75] Dong Shaoqun, Zeng Lianbo, Che Xiaohua, et al. Application of artificial intelligence in fracture identification using well logs in tight reservoirs[J]. Earth Science, 2023, 48(7): 2443-2461.

[76] 曹炜, 马永宁, 孟浩, 等 . 庆城页岩油水力压裂试验场大斜度取心井裂缝描述与认识[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2025, 30(2): 133-145.

[77] Cao Wei, Ma Yongning, Meng Hao, et al. Description and recognition of fractures in high-inclination coring well in Qingcheng shale oil hydraulic fracturing test site[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2025, 30(2): 133-145.

[78] 曾联波, 马诗杰, 田鹤, 等 . 富有机质页岩天然裂缝研究进展[J]. 地球科学, 2023, 48(7): 2427-2442.

[79] Zeng Lianbo, Ma Shijie, Tian He, et al. Research progress of natural fractures in organic rich shale[J]. Earth Science, 2023, 48(7): 2427-2442.

基金资助

中国石油长庆油田分公司页岩油开发重大科技专项(2023DZZ04)

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(42002134)